<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian: Kultura]]></title><description><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/s/kultura</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ncaS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f76c217-fa22-43b1-bcac-f065a99fb7b7_500x500.png</url><title>Philippine Collegian: Kultura</title><link>https://phkule.substack.com/s/kultura</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 10 May 2026 23:03:50 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://phkule.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[phkule.upd@up.edu.ph]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[phkule.upd@up.edu.ph]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[phkule.upd@up.edu.ph]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[phkule.upd@up.edu.ph]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[In Fusion Alley and Other Food Destinations, Food Transforms Ordinary Spaces into Meaningful Places]]></title><description><![CDATA[John Gabriel Bumatay]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/in-fusion-alley-and-other-food-destinations</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/in-fusion-alley-and-other-food-destinations</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 08:45:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>In Fusion Alley and destinations alike, food emerges as a powerful force in turning ordinary spaces into meaningful and people-shaped places.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 1272w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8SC5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3acdb4a-8a13-4185-ae59-b6993f13a1f5_3561x2849.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Food can be an avenue for this place-making, transforming ordinary spaces into meaningful locations through shared experiences. (Illustration by Gonzalo Cruz)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Inihaw na baga, pancit canton with kwek-kwek, sili ice cream, Hungarian sandwich overload with cheese, durian pie, Samyang omelette, pancit habhab. Hearing these, you&#8217;ve probably thought of a place.</p><p>On social media, food content circulates endlessly, guiding audiences to where a particular food can be chased down. People will often go to a place not for the destination, but because of the food. But the food cannot be detached from the place, as that is what makes the place.</p><p>Food is one of the most immediate ways a place makes itself known, shaping how it is imagined and experienced. Through taste, we find a place; through food, place acquires meaning.</p><p></p><h2>Spaces Turned to Places</h2><p>A place emerges when a space becomes meaningful to people over time&#8212;shaped by experience, perception, imagination, and grounding their sense of being in the world, <a href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54683629/AucoinPaulineMcKenzie-Toward_an_Anthropological_Understanding_of_Space_and_Place_-_2017-libre.pdf?1507694548=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DToward_an_Anthropological_Understanding.pdf&amp;Expires=1776917862&amp;Signature=L4TqYyhVb-waRzmjMmJDG1PeiWcttPf0if8IA9zNj9uTOEsh87He5YghR7AdVypzKbLfkn8SZhAgMMbLFpwhLQmEmsKru-OTbwG9yeOQCmJ-Kekyg3MwxDm~r49IBleGXRzytV8qwIvZJ~ItXLf3ERJUHOSdzZ61sg1AbSPBNIqq2ljhDOXcwbCHwmg4G0Ur4faVi6s5kwVGm0O7LfL-Um1RjseBahxjcTqvsR-HmVW12vCDWD9AiJlNPfqfoEK6I86WzIIgEFLDp0DG6fT3Wq4vDRcjoLPVZ-u-yVWDs3EjtYYUb45QjUBrG~Mn5oC2DN2KlBFpqxFLQ5-KZhxBGQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">posits</a> University of Ottawa anthropology professor Pauline McKenzie Aucoin.</p><p>Food can be an avenue for this place-making, transforming ordinary spaces into meaningful locations through shared experiences. In the case of locations such as Fusion Alley, Maginhawa Street, and Binondo, food is central to the identity and meaning attached to these places. In some respects, food has become the dominant reference point through which these places are understood.</p><p>But it is not simply food itself, but the practices and experiences surrounding it. This could extend to how people decide where to eat, who they share meals with, and how vendors routinely set up and serve in the same spaces that draw people back again and again.</p><p>At the same time, food can move from being integrated into everyday life to something deliberately shaped and presented. As such, food is strategically used to construct recognizable identities to draw people into particular spaces.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Attraction of a Destination</strong></h2><p>When the association between a place and a food item is emphasized and promoted, and the food becomes emblematic of the place, the communal landscape becomes a foodscape, <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XqLCRkrig30Net-yutVy0rVk7-zOaaosBxHBb0sxg98/edit?tab=t.0">says</a> anthropology researcher Pauline Adema. This may explain why certain foods almost immediately evoke specific places: Milky bicho-bicho and xiao long bao point to Binondo, just as &#8220;baga ng mama mo&#8221; evokes Fusion Alley.</p><p>Food does not merely identify places, but it also speaks for them. As Adema notes, food goes beyond nourishment, carrying symbolic meaning and functioning as a form of communication.</p><p>This communicative capacity of food is amplified by food vloggers and online content, which help popularize food and, in turn, make places known through them. Vendors also partake in this circulation by how they present food, like the playful gimmicks of Anti Soda selling slushies and &#8220;Chris Brown&#8221; selling sherbet.</p><p>In places like Fusion Alley, Maginhawa, and Binondo, the communication capacity of food becomes closely tied to tourism, where food and the interactions around it serve as markers that attract visitors and shape how these places are experienced, appreciated, understood, and promoted.</p><p>Place-making can be used creatively in places to attract tourists and encourage their active participation in the co-creation of experiences, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616688.2020.1866056">maintain</a> tourism geography researchers.</p><p>This could be seen in how the Quezon City local government has been <a href="https://quezoncity.gov.ph/place/maginhawa-food-area/">branding</a> Maginhawa Street as &#8220;the perfect place to go if you are looking for a quick lunch or snack, a family dinner, a romantic date night, a late-night hangout, or a hole-in-the-wall food spot.&#8221; So too is the case for Fusion Alley, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ManilaPIO/posts/nag-food-trip-si-mayor-isko-moreno-domagoso-sa-fusion-alley-ugbo-20-sa-kahabaan-/1127615209552266/">framed</a> as the &#8220;Ugbo 2.0&#8221; by the Manila local government, showing how place-making can be used to construct a space into a defined, recognizable destination.</p><p>Across local tourism in the Philippines, food is already a natural part of place-making, shaping how places are understood and thereby attracting tourists. Ube jam points to Baguio, lomi to Batangas, and lechon to Cebu. In each case, a particular food becomes a shorthand for a certain place, guiding people where to go and what to seek once they arrive.</p><p>More than just associations with a place, food is also embedded in the Filipino cultural life, shaped by local ways of producing, preparing, and sharing food across different regions. As such, what people associate with a place is not only a dish, but the cultural practices and lived traditions that give it significance.</p><p>In Fusion Alley, place-making is evident in how spontaneous street vending practices and structured efforts by the local government together turn an ordinary street into a food destination for both locals and visitors, who also help continually redefine the space. In particular, Fusion Alley can be seen as a local government initiative aimed at strengthening small businesses by formalizing street food spaces where local vendors can gain more visibility within the evolving food landscape.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Distaste and Displaced</strong></h2><p>Fusion Alley&#8217;s emergence as a food destination, however, carries a more complicated history. This becomes clearer when placed alongside other food destinations. Unlike Maginhawa in Quezon City, where food is actively branded and supported as part of its identity as a food destination, Manila presents a different case. In areas like Carriedo, the place-making power of food was interrupted under <a href="https://hiyaw.org/when-cleanliness-costs-a-living-labels-street-vendors-illegal/">Mayor Isko Moreno&#8217;s drive</a> to restore &#8220;order and discipline&#8221; across Manila when he was reelected. This goes to show how food and the activities surrounding it are also reshaped by the social and spatial forces that define a place.</p><p>This situation is described as a containment, where governments erase communities in which people live and work and instead relocate and control them within more regulated areas, OCAD University anthropology professor Lynne Milgram notes.</p><p>However, through food-driven place-making, where food consumers and sellers actively shape how the space is experienced, sellers are able to reassert their presence and belonging within that new space. Just like Neneng B and Baga Queen, whose food stalls in Carriedo were <a href="https://www.facebook.com/reel/1020625066721637">dismantled</a> but whose presence in Fusion Alley reflects how vendors continue to negotiate space through food.</p><p>As displaced vendors have found a refuge at Fusion Alley, another issue presents itself: Its growing popularity now <a href="https://varsitarian.net/fusion-alley-draws-crowds-complaints-from-students-residents/">burdens</a> nearby residents, commuters, and students with safety risks, sanitation problems, and congestion. This exposes the local government&#8217;s deficiencies in addressing the realities of vendors, residents, and everyday movement in the area, making the supposedly &#8220;ordered&#8221; space envisioned by them more disruptive than beneficial.</p><p>Food is not just food. If the tensions around food destinations reveal anything, it is that food is a powerful tool in place-making. The challenge for local governments, then, is to support the food, its vendors, and buyers, as they are what make an ordinary space a meaningful place. &#9670;</p><p><em>First published in the May 1, 2026 print edition of the Collegian.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sa Game Shows, Pansamantalang Natatakasan ang Pinansyal na Paghihirap]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alyanna Villanueva]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-game-shows-pansamantalang-natatakasan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-game-shows-pansamantalang-natatakasan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:49:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Manipestasyon ng lugmok na kalagayang pang-ekonomiya ang pagkukumahog na makasali at manalo sa game shows buhat ng papel nito bilang mekanismo ng panandaliang pampinansyal na ginhawa.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xHP3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png" width="1456" height="1165" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1165,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6048321,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/196538333?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27d959d2-57fb-4b69-9b24-e3293677f89f_1640x1312.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sa kabila ng liwanag ng panandaliang ginhawang pinansyal na alok ng mga game shows, nananatiling lugmok ang buhay ng mga nakikipagsapalaran dito. (Dibuho ni Seth Axell Capulot)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Umaga pa lamang mahaba na ang pila sa labas ng mga himpilan ng telebisyon. Bata, matanda, o minsan buong pamilya pa ang tumutungo sa mga istasyon para sa pagkakataong makilahok sa mga palaro ng mga variety at game show. Wala sa bokabularyo nila ang pangangalay o kapaguran kung ang kapalit nito ay ang mag-uwi ng halagang katumbas ng ilang linggo o buwang suweldo sa trabaho.</p><p>Lampas sa telebisyon, pinalalawak pa ng digital na teknolohiya ang saklaw ng mga programa at palaro&#8212;mula sa pag-usbong ng livestreams hanggang sa pakikilahok ng mga manonood gamit lamang ang social media mula sa kani-kanilang mga bahay.</p><p>Ngunit hindi pawang paghahanap ng libangan ang motibasyon sa likod ng aktibong pakikilahok sa game shows. Sa maraming pagkakataon, nauugat ito sa lumulubhang krisis pang-ekonomiya at kahirapan sa bansa.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Family Feud</strong></h2><p>Umusbong ang mga game show sa Pilipinas noong 1950, kasabay ng pagpasok ng variety shows sa telebisyon. At dahil nakagawian na ng pamilyang Pilipino ang panonood ng telebisyon habang kumakain sa hapag, estratehiya rin kung maituturing ang pagpapalabas nito sa hapon, para sumakto sa pagsasalo-salo ng mga pamilya.</p><p>Nagpapatuloy ang direktang pakikilahok ng netizens sa diskurso sa mga online na plataporma tulad ng X at paggamit ng hashtags upang palakasin ang engagement ng mga manonood, na nagiging bahagi ng promosyon at pagbuo ng popularidad ng mga palabas.</p><p>Tampok ang panghihikayat sa mga manonood na makilahok online, hindi lamang bilang simpleng tagasubaybay kundi bilang aktibong kalahok sa mga palaro. Sa ilang kaso, ang online engagement&#8212;tulad ng paggamit ng hashtags, o kahit ang simpleng pagte-text para mahuluan ang titulo ng isang episode ng <em>Maalala Mo Kaya</em>&#8212;ay nagiging bahagi ng kondisyon sa pagsali o sa pagkakaroon ng tsansa sa pagkapanalo.</p><p>Sa mas malawak na antas, nagiging kalakal ang mismong pakikilahok ng mga manonood gamit ang midya, ayon sa <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444395402.ch">The Political Economy of Communication</a> ng sosyologong si Vincent Mosco. Hindi lamang reaksyon ang emosyonal na pakikipag-ugnayan ng mga manonood sa kanilang mga napapanood, sapagkat masinsinang idinidisenyo ito ng midya upang pagsilbihan ang pangunahing layuning kumita. Sa pamamagitan ng dahan-dahang pagpili ng musika at naratibo, ginagabayan ang damdamin ng manonood upang mapanatili ang kanilang atensyon at mapataas ang engagement.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Who Wants To Be a Millionaire</strong></h2><p>Tunay na nakakaakit na oportunidad ang naglalakihang premyo sa mga game show para sa mamamayang salat sa suporta at sustenableng hanapbuhay. At bagaman itinuturing na diskarte, malinaw na bunga ang pakikilahok sa ganitong oportunidad sa mga esktruktural na suliranin.</p><p>Nauugat sa salat na suporta mula sa pamahalaan, partikular sa matagal na kabiguan nitong lumikha ng disente at sustenableng trabaho, ang patuloy na krisis sa sektor ng mga manggagawa. Nananatiling mababa ang kalidad ng trabaho sa bansa&#8212;impormal, pansamantala o hindi nakasasapat ang kita&#8212;sa kabila ng mga ulat ng pagtaas ng employment figures, ayon sa <a href="https://www.ibon.org/ph-labor-market-crisis/">IBON Foundation</a>.</p><p>Makikita rin ang ganitong lagay sa mga programa tulad ng <a href="https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/studios/tv/2025/3/4/pinoy-big-brother-hosts-reveal-how-reality-show-has-tremendously-changed-their-lives-0028">Pinoy Big Brother</a> na itinuturing na susi upang makamit ang &#8220;big break&#8221; ng mga naghahangad makapasok sa industriya ng show business. Para sa marami, ito ang isa sa mga nakikitang landas tungo sa permanenteng pagkalas sa sitwasyong puno ng kahirapang pampinansiyal.</p><p>Maliban sa mga palarong may nakaaantig na gantimpala, tampok din ang pagbabahagi ng mga kalahok ng kanilang mga kinakaharap na hamon at personal na danas sa buhay. Kadalasan, bahagi ito ng tila pormula ng mga game show, kung saan iniluluwal ang ganitong naratibo sa pamamagitan ng direkta o pasimpleng mga tanong ng host. Umiikot ang mga tanong na ito sa kahirapan ng buhay, pagsasakripisyo para sa pamilya o pag-aaral, at paghugot ng pag-asa sa kabila ng kanilang kalagayan.</p><p>Bagaman nagmumula mismo sa mga kalahok ang mga kuwentong ito, nasa kamay ng midya ang paraan ng kanilang pagtatanghal&#8212;kung aling bahagi ang bibigyang-diin, gaano ito katagal ipapakita, at anong emosyon ang palilitawin sa pamamagitan ng musika o pag-eedit. Sa gayon, sinasadyang isensasyonalisa ang naratibo upang maging mas kaakit-akit, na maaaring magpalabis sa orihinal na danas.</p><p>Sa ganitong paraan, kinakasangkapan ang emosyon bilang midyum ng atraksyon at pakikilahok, habang nakukuhanan din ng komersyal na halaga ang mga personal na danas ng mga kalahok. Makikita ito sa paglalangkap ng engrandeng tulong pampinansiyal matapos ilahad ng kalahok ang kaniyang mabibigat na suliranin. Tila nakasalalay sa pagdadramatisa ng kanilang mga paghihirap ang pagbibigay ng gantimpala.</p><p>Nananatiling bahagi ng espektakulo ang ganitong pag-aabot ng tulong. Higit pa rito, hindi natutugunan ng tanging pagkakawanggawa lamang ang pangangailangan ng mga kalahok sa pangmatagalang seguridad sa kita. Sa mas malalim na antas, hindi nito nasosolusyunan ang mga sistematiko at istruktural na ugat ng mas malawak na problema sa kabuhayan at lakas-paggawa sa bansa.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Deal or No Deal</strong></h2><p>Ipinapakita ng pag-iral ng game shows ang masalimuot na ugnayan ng kultura, ekonomiya, at midya sa Pilipinas. Sa isang banda, nagsisilbi ang mga palabas na ito bilang espasyo para sa aliw, representasyon, at pag-asa ng karaniwang mamamayan. Nagiging bahagi sila ng pang-araw-araw na karanasan ng mga manonood, kung saan ang saya at ang aktuwal na pagkapanalo ng mga kalahok ang nagdudulot ng pansamantalang ginhawang pinansiyal at emosyonal sa gitna ng hirap ng buhay.</p><p>Sa kabilang banda, inilalantad din ng mga game show ang mga estrukturang panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya na nagtutulak sa mga tao na ibunyag ang kanilang buhay at emosyon kapalit ng pagkakataong makaahon. Nagsisilbing patunay ang ganitong paglaganap sa desperasyong hinuhubog ng kakulangan ng sapat at matatag na suportang pangkabuhayan.</p><p>Sa halip na gawing resolusyon ang isang bagsakang tulong sa iilang kalahok, may mas mataas na pananagutan ang midya na maging plataporma ng makatotohanang representasyon at kritikal na kamalayan. Nararapat nitong itaguyod ang tapat, kontekstuwalisado, at makataong paglalahad ng mga karanasan ng mga kalahok at ng mas malawak na uring manggagawa.</p><p>Hindi maaaring ihiwalay ang usapin sa responsibilidad ng pamahalaan sa gitna ng patuloy na krisis pang-ekonomiya. Nararapat nitong tiyakin ang disenteng trabaho, sapat na sahod, at seguridad sa trabaho sa pamamagitan ng pagbuwag sa kontraktwalisasyon, paglikha ng pangmatagalang programang pampublikong empleo, at mas malawak na pamumuhunan sa mga industriyang lumilikha ng permanenteng trabaho.</p><p>Sa ganitong paraan, hindi kailangang maging kapalit ng dignidad at pagpapakatotoo ng mga kalahok ang papel ng mga programa bilang pang-aliw at panglibang. Sa likod ng espektakulo sa telebisyon ay ang naghihirap na kalagayan ng karaniwang Pilipino, na nagtutulak sa kanila na kumapit sa anumang paraan ng pagharap at pag-ahon sa pagdurusa. Sa isang mas mainam na kalagayan, ang pakikilahok ay hindi na bunga ng pangangailangan, kundi ng tunay na kagustuhan at kasiyahan. &#9670;</p><p><em>Unang nailathala sa isyu ng </em>Kul&#234;<em> noong Mayo 1, 2026.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kung Paano Hinaharaya ng mga Beauconera ang Mundo ng Beauty Pageant at Korona]]></title><description><![CDATA[Jasnyl Drek Inocentes]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/kung-paano-hinaharaya-ng-mga-beauconera</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/kung-paano-hinaharaya-ng-mga-beauconera</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 13:43:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Para sa mga beauconera, higit pa sa libangan ang pagsali sa mga pageant. Kaakibat nito ang hangaring mas makilala ang kanilang sarili at matugunan ang mga materyal at ekonomikong pangangailangan.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png" width="1456" height="1165" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nE-P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4838948b-b9a6-4e77-b918-b611e99958b4_1500x1200.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Tinatanaw ng mga beauconera ang mga beauty pageant bilang lohikal at nakabubuhay na gawain. (Dibuho ni Gonzalo Cruz)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Napupuno ng hiyawan at palakpakan ang covered court ng barangay sa bawat pagrampa sa entablado ni Jubair Villamor, isang transpinay na beauconera mula sa Bulusan, Sorsogon. Sa tuwing tumatapat ang spotlight sa face card ni Jubair, agad siyang aawra at susuklian ng ngiti ang mga manonood, kasabay ang pagpilantik ng kaniyang mahabang buhok. Malalim na ang gabi ngunit nagsisimula pa lamang ang araw para sa katulad niyang kandidata. Gayunman, handa siyang tapatan ito.</p><p>Hindi maipagkakailang bahagi na ng kulturang popular sa Pilipinas ang panonood ng mga beauty pageant bilang porma ng libangan. Kaya naman sa tuwing may mga ganitong patimpalak, lokal man o internasyonal, gayon na lamang ang suporta at kritisismo ng mga Pilipino para sa mga sumasali rito.</p><p>Ngunit bagaman nakikita ng karamihan ang mga beauty pageant na paraan ng libangan, para sa mga beauconerang pangunahing lumalahok, higit pa ito rito. Para sa kanilang mahilig rumaket, katumbas ng pagsali sa mga beauty pageant ang kagustuhang matugunan ang kanilang mga materyal at ekonomikong pangangailangan.</p><h2>Diwa ng Reyna</h2><p><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/20/style/philippines-beauty-pageants-miss-universe-hnk-intl-dst">Mauugat</a> ang pagkakaroon ng pageant sa Pilipinas sa ilalim ng kolonyalismong Espanya noong ika-16 na siglo, kung saan ginamit ang mga relihiyosong pagdiriwang o pista upang palawakin ang Katolisismo sa bansa, tulad na lamang ng <a href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/101348/philippines-first-beauty-queen">Flores de Mayo</a> at Santacruzan. Kalaunan, taong 1908, sa pamumuno ng Estados Unidos, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv37c06jn">naganap</a> ang Manila Carnival, ang unang beauty pageant sa bansa, kung saan isa sa naging layunin ang pagtampok sa mga agrikultural na produkto at likhang sining ng mga lumahok na probinsya.</p><p>Ngunit higit dito, nakita ng mga Pilipinong nasyonalista noon ang Manila Carnival bilang paraan upang ipakita ang mga positibong katangian ng mga Pilipino sa internasyonal na mga manonood. Gayundin, bilang kauna-unahang &#8220;Queen of the Orient,&#8221; naging instrumento ito ni Pura Villanueva Kalaw sa pagsusulong ng kaniyang adbokasiya. Isa siya sa pangunahing naggiit ng karapatan ng mga kababaihang makaboto hanggang sa makamit ito noong 1937. </p><p>Bagaman malaki ang impluwensiya ng mga Amerikano sa patimpalak, unti-unti itong nahubog upang umangkla para sa mga Pilipino, at kalaunang napalitan ang pangalan bilang Miss Philippines. Sa maraming paraan, naging saksi ito sa pagbaka sa namamayaning kontrol ng Estados Unidos sa bansa, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv37c06jn">ayon</a> kay Genevieve Clutario, propesor mula sa Wellesley College.</p><p>Noon pa man, kalimitang isinasapakete ang mga beauty pageant bilang entablado kung saan maaaring ilahad ng mga kandidata ang kani-kanilang adbokasiya. Ngunit bunsod ng mekanismo nito kung saan normalisado ang paghuhusga ng pisikal na katangian ng kababaihan habang isinasangkalan ang kanilang katawan bilang paraan ng libangan, nagiging kuwestiyonable ito, ayon sa <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4311201">pananaliksik</a> ni Martin Abboud, mag-aaral mula sa Lebanese American University. At dahil sinasala ang mga mananalo batay sa kanilang itsura at postura, higit na nahaharap ang mga kandidata sa matinding objektipikasyon.</p><h2>Dalita ng Kandidata</h2><p>Para sa maraming beauconera, higit pa sa libangan ang bawat pagrampa sa entablado at pagsaulo ng mga sagot para sa Q&amp;A ng pageant. Kinikilala rin ito bilang isang plataporma, kung saan maaari nilang ipakilala ang tunay na sarili. Madalas, nagiging dahilan din ito upang matugunan ang kanilang pang-araw-araw na pangangailangan sa gitna ng lumalalang ekonomikong kondisyon ng bansa.</p><p>Para kay Jubair, naging daan ang pagsali niya sa iba-ibang beauty pageant upang matagpuan ang kaniyang identidad bilang bahagi ng komunidad ng LGBTQ+. Gayundin, nakatutulong ito sa pinansiyal na pangangailangan ng kaniyang mga magulang. Aniya, &#8220;Kapag nananalo ako, especially kapag malaki mula sa mga municipal pageant, nagbibigay ako sa parents ko. Minsan umuutang sila ... pero kahit hindi na nila ibalik kasi tulong ko na rin sa kanila yon.&#8221;</p><p>Lalong yumabong ang pagkakaroon ng mga beauty pageant, kalimitan sa maliliit na barangay, dahil nagiging paraan na rin ito upang kumita hindi lamang ang mga nag-oorganisa, kundi pati ang buong komunidad na bahagi ng mundo ng beauty pageant, tulad ng mga handler, makeup artist, fashion designer, at costume maker. Sa ganitong pagkakataon, tinatanaw ng mga beauconera ang mga beauty pageant bilang lohikal at nakabubuhay na gawain. </p><p>Nagiging mapanghamak nga lamang ang mga beauty pageant na ito, higit lalo ang mga internasyonal na patimpalak na kontrolado ng malalaking kompanya dahil kung minsan, huwad ang kanilang ipinapakitang pagiging inklusibo para lamang patuloy na makapagkamal ng kita at mga donasyon. Dito nababali ang tunay na layunin ng mga beauty pageant na bigyang plataporma ang mga kandidata. </p><p>Ngunit bagaman nakikita ng iilan ang mundo ng beauty pageant bilang isang negatibong mekanismong nagdidikta sa kahulugan ng kagandahan, sa mata ng mismong mga kandidata, nakakamit nila sa entabladong ito ang ahensiyang itayo ang sarili, <a href="https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4673&amp;context=etd">ayon sa</a> pag-aaral ni Julia Steenberghe sa Estados Unidos.</p><p>&#8220;It&#8217;s a platform for me to become more comfortable in myself and para mas ma-discover ko pa yung sarili ko, kung ito ba talaga yung place na sa akin, dito ba ako magaling,&#8221; ani Jubair.</p><h2>Rampa sa Korona</h2><p>Mula kay Kalaw hanggang kay Catriona Gray, hindi maitatangging bahagi na ng kulturang Pilipino ang diwa ng mga beauty pageant. Bagaman nananatili pa rin ang mga diskusyon hinggil sa importansiya at tunay na layunin ng mga ganitong patimpalak, unti-unti nang nilililok ng mga kandidata ang bagong kalakaran sa ganitong larangan, yaong sila ang may higit na kapangyarihan. </p><p>Para kay Jubair, ang kaniyang pagsali sa mga beauty pageant ay hindi para sa iba, kundi para sa kaniyang sarili at pamilya. Kung dati, tinatanaw niya ang mga ganitong patimpalak bilang panlibang lamang, ngayon, nalirip niya ang importansya nito sa higit na pagkilala at paghubog ng tiwala sa sarili. &#8220;During the pageant itself, I don&#8217;t feel exploited; instead, I feel elated because na-e-express ko yung sarili ko, yung mga concerns ko. Nakikita nila yung talent and wisdom ko.&#8221;</p><p>Kung gayon, lumalampas na sa usapin ng hamak na pagpapaganda o pag-aayos ng sarili ang mga beauty pageant. Bagkus, tumatawid ito sa diskusyon ng kung paano sinusustena at binibigyang saysay ng mga ganitong patimpalak ang buhay ng mismong mga kandidatang lumalahok dito. </p><p>Sa ngayon, patuloy na pupunoin ni Jubair ang kanilang barangay ng mga hiyawan at palakpakan, kahit pa walang labang kailangan daluhan. Patuloy na sisilay ang ngiti sa kaniyang mukha kasabay ang pagpilantik ng mahabang buhok sa gitna ng mga kontradiksyong kailangang bunuin. Dahil para sa mga beauconerang tulad niya, hindi natatapos ang araw kahit malalim na ang gabi. &#9670;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nagmamahal, KAL]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kultura Staff]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/nagmamahal-kal</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/nagmamahal-kal</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 08:59:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Malinaw ang tindig ng komunidad ng KAL: Wakasan ang isang dekada na nilang kalbaryo at kasalatan sa espasyo.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5335208,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/195973036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2_hE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcc0ddcf-9a59-4f40-8762-01449d81fb99_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Isang dekada nang nakatengga ang konstruksyon na kinatatayuan ng dating Faculty Center. <em>(Kuha ni Lorence Lozano)</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Isang dekada matapos kang masunog, pinupunan pa rin ng aking komunidad ang guwang na iyong iniwan&#8212;umaasang balang-araw ay hindi na lamang mga alaala ang tangi naming panghahawakan.</p><h2><strong><a href="https://phkule.substack.com/p/kasaysayang-nakatirik">Kasaysayang Nakatirik</a></strong></h2><p>ni Julia Francine Malanos</p><p>Para kay Ma&#8217;am Ei higit pa sa espasyo ang hinihingi ng komunidad ng KAL kundi ang panunumbalik ng natupok na piraso ng kanilang pagkakakilanlan</p><h2><strong><a href="https://phkule.substack.com/p/muling-pagtatalambalay">Muling Pagtatalambalay</a></strong></h2><p>ni Klara Domagtoy Espedido</p><p>Para kay Ma&#8217;am Elyrah, bahagi ng panawagan sa pagpapabilis ng muling pagtayo ng Faculty Center ang pag-alala sa gusali bilang espasyo ng kalinga.</p><h2><strong><a href="https://phkule.substack.com/p/sukli-ng-bawat-sandali">Sukli ng Bawat Sandali</a></strong></h2><p>ni Jasnyl Drek Inocentes</p><p>Para kay Lilibeth, hindi lamang isang gusali ang nasunog na Faculty Center, bagkus isa itong tahanang kumikilala sa presensiya ng mga manininda sa loob ng pamantasan.</p><h2><strong><a href="https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-muli-nating-pagkikita">Sa Muli Nating Pagkikita</a></strong></h2><p>ni Amery Andrada</p><p>Para kay Edwardo, nananatiling buhay ang diwa ng Faculty Center dahil sa mga guro, estudyante, kawani, at mas malawak na komunidad ng UP na ipinaglalaban ito.</p><p>&#9670;</p><p><em>Unang nailathala sa isyu ng Kul&#234; noong Abril 21, 2026.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sa Muli Nating Pagkikita]]></title><description><![CDATA[Amery Andrada]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-muli-nating-pagkikita</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-muli-nating-pagkikita</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 06:48:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Para kay Edwardo, nananatiling buhay ang diwa ng Faculty Center dahil sa mga guro, estudyante, kawani, at mas malawak na komunidad ng UP na ipinaglalaban ito.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg" width="1456" height="2184" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2184,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5085053,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/195964342?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1_vo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c99a4c5-16a8-4582-b840-4c4ad032dafe_3072x4608.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sa loob ng 27 na taon, araw-araw nilinis ni Edwardo ang iyong mga pasilyo at palapag mula umaga hanggang hapon. <em>(Jay Janubas/Philippine Collegian)</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Tila naging alamat ka na lamang sa paglipas ng napakahabang panahon. Mga lumang retrato, dokumento, at mga alaala na lamang ang nagpapatunay sa iyong pag-iral. Ngunit kahit isang dekada na ang lumipas, marami pa ring mga estudyante at propesor sa kolehiyo ang nais na makapiling kang muli.</p><p>Nariyan din ang mga katulad ni Edwardo Santos, dating janitor sa Faculty Center, na saulado pa rin ang bawat sulok at palapag mo. Sa loob ng 27 na taon, araw-araw nilinis ni Edwardo ang iyong mga pasilyo at palapag mula umaga hanggang hapon. Pagbibiro pa niya, ni hindi na niya mabitawan ang kaniyang walis para laging handa sakaling biglang tawagin ng mga estudyante sa kani-kanilang tambayan para magpatulong sa paglilinis.</p><p>Naging daan ka para makabuo ng maraming kaibigan si Edwardo sa araw-araw niyang pamamalagi sa Faculty Center. Saksi rin siya sa kung paano nabuo ang mga tambayan ng mga estudyante mula sa maraming nakakalat na upuan, mesa, at bangko, at kasabay nito ang paglawak ng komunidad sa kolehiyo. Tila sariwa pa rin sa mga alaala ni Edwardo ang mga dormitoryo sa KAL, gaya ng dating Acacia dorm, na minsang puntahan niya, kasama ang iba pang janitor, para makikain at magpahinga.</p><p>Bagaman hindi na maalala ni Edwardo ang mga pangalan ng mga estudyanteng nakasalamuha niya, paniguradong mamumukhaan niya ang mga ito. Ang mga pamilyar na mukhang ito rin kasi ang madalas na bumabati sa kaniya ng mga ngiti o hindi kaya ay naaabutan niyang tulog sa mga tambayan matapos ang mahabang araw ng klase. Hindi rin mawawala ang kaliwa&#8217;t kanang halakhakan ng mga estudyanteng nakakapagpagaan ng kaniyang araw.</p><p>Nang tupukin ka ng apoy, naroong tumatakbo si Edwardo papunta sa iyo. Kasama ang mga kapuwa janitor, nagkakandarapa silang kunin ang mga gamit na maaari pang maisalba. Nakuha pa nilang magbiro nang mamataan ang isang kasama na sinasalba ang mga manok na madalas nilang kasama sa iyong bakuran.</p><p>At nang matapos ang lahat, wala nang natira sa iyo kung di mga alaala ng mga minsang namalagi sa iyong espasyo. Pakiramdam ni Edwardo nawalan sila ng tahanan.</p><p>Kalaunan, nalipat silang mga empleyado sa magkakahiwalay na istasyon. Paminsan-minsan tinatanaw pa rin ni Edwardo ang dating tahanan habang nagwawalis sa Bulwagang Palma, umaasang dumating ang panahon na tuluyan kang magbukas muli.</p><p>Isa si Edwardo sa mga dahilan kung bakit patuloy na nasasambit ang iyong pangalan sa bawat pag-uusap, mobilisasyon, at kahit mga pormal na pagpupulong ng administrasyon, bagaman isang dekada na ang nakalipas. Nagsisilbing tulay ang kaniyang mga karanasan upang maipasa ang iyong kuwento sa mga susunod na henerasyon.</p><p>Dahil ang pagpapatuloy ng pagsasalaysay ay pagpapatuloy din ng paglaban upang muli kang masilayan ng masiglang komunidad na minsan mong inaruga at tinuring kang tahanan.  &#9670;</p><p><em>Unang nailathala sa isyu ng Kul&#234; noong Abril 21, 2026.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sukli ng Bawat Sandali]]></title><description><![CDATA[Jasnyl Drek Inocentes]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/sukli-ng-bawat-sandali</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/sukli-ng-bawat-sandali</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 06:41:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Para kay Lilibeth, hindi lamang isang gusali ang nasunog na Faculty Center, bagkus isa itong tahanang kumikilala sa presensiya ng mga manininda sa loob ng pamantasan.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M6z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb0c078d6-27f4-47b1-938d-16f0b6ae4b7d_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Bago pa man tupukin ng apoy ang iyong kaakuhan, mahigit 20 taon nang saulado ni Lilibeth Tobias ang gulugod ng iyong mga pasilyo. <em>(Lorence Lozano/Philippine Collegian)</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Higit pa sa mga mag-aaral at kaguruan sa pamantasan, itinuring ka rin ng mga manininda bilang isang tahanan.</p><p>Bago pa man tupukin ng apoy ang iyong kaakuhan, mahigit 20 taon nang saulado ni Lilibeth Tobias ang gulugod ng iyong mga pasilyo. Kasama ang kaniyang ina, itinayo nila ang maliit na tindahang sinuklian mo ng espasyong kumikilala sa kanilang presensya. Ikaw ang katibayang sa gitna ng prekaridad na malaon nang kinahaharap ng mga manininda sa pamantasan, mayroong gusaling minsang sa kanila ay nanindigan.</p><p>Matapos ang trahedya, isinantabi ang iyong paghilom. Sa halip, kinanlong ng administrasyon ng pamantasan ang mga komersiyal na establisimyentong walang ibang hangarin kundi ang magkamal ng kita. Marami sa mga gusaling ito ang nauna pang matapos kaysa iyo. Malayong-malayo ito sa iyong pag-aaruga sa mga manininda bilang bahagi ng iyong komunidad.</p><p>Kung kaya gayon na lamang din ang pangamba nina Lilibeth noong marinig ang balita ng iyong paglingas. Bagaman walang natupok sa kanilang mga kagamitan&#8212;sagisag ng hindi napapagal mong pagkalinga&#8212;pansamantalang naantala ang kanilang pagtitinda. Namutawi ang nagsasalimbayang mga emosyon at binalikan ang bawat sandali ng alaala.</p><p>&#8220;Kapag iniisip ko ang Faculty Center, sobrang saya noon, napakaraming tao, ang daming nakatambay,&#8221; ani Lilibeth.</p><p>Dahil nakapuwesto sa gilid ng mga abalang daanan, saksi siya sa kung paanong pinupunan ng mga mag-aaral, guro, at kawani ang bawat puwang. Madalas niyang sariwain ang maliligayang sandali habang nagbebenta ng mga pagkaing pantawid-gutom. Tila laging mayroong selebrasyon noon, aniya, dahil halos linggo-linggo kung magdaos ng mga event at kaniya-kaniyang anibersaryo ang mga org malapit sa kanilang puwesto. Kahit sa maliliit na bagay na ito, ramdam nilang kailanman ay hindi sila itinuring na kaiba.</p><p>At gaya ng iyong pagkalinga sa mga tulad nilang manininda, walang pag-aalinlangan ding pinagbuksan ng tindahan nina Lilibeth ang kanilang espasyo para sa bawat isa&#8212;silang mga nag-aalangan sa grado at pag-gradweyt, mga bigo sa pag-ibig, maging ang mga mayroong bitbit na tsismis. Sa dami ng mga mamimiling tumatangkilik sa kanila, kung minsan, katawan na lamang din nila ang sumusuko.</p><p>Subalit kasabay ng kagyat mong paglisan ang bahagya ring pagtumal ng kanilang pangunahing kabuhayan. Kung noon, hindi na nila magawa maski ang pag-upo, ngayon, sa kasalukuyang puwesto sa tapat ng Palma Hall sa Pavilion 1, ilang oras na ang kinakailangang umalpas bago matiyak ang pagkakaroon ng costumer.</p><p>Bunsod ng walang katiyakang kinabukasan nina Lilibeth sa pamantasan, nananatili ang masidhi niyang hangarin: Ang iyong panunumbalik matapos ang 10 taong pagkaratay sa mga nahihimpil na kasunduan.</p><p>Iginugol ni Lilibeth ang kalahati ng kaniyang buhay sa loob ng pamantasan. At handa siyang ilaan ang mga susunod niya pang bawat sandali, kung saan ramdam niyang mayroong espasyong naghihintay para sa mga tulad niya&#8212;sa iyong gusali. &#9670;</p><p><em>Unang nailathala sa isyu ng Kul&#234; noong Abril 21, 2026.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Muling Pagtatalambalay*]]></title><description><![CDATA[Klara Domagtoy Espedido]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/muling-pagtatalambalay</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/muling-pagtatalambalay</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 06:38:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Para kay Ma&#8217;am Elyrah, bahagi ng panawagan sa pagpapabilis ng muling pagtayo ng Faculty Center ang pag-alala sa gusali bilang espasyo ng kalinga.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SzMg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eef7cd3-e3f1-45b7-ad4f-1d1e08563eb1_2400x3000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sa lahat ng ito, bitbit pa rin ni Ma&#8217;am Elyrah ang iyong pagkakakilanlan: Faculty Center. Wika niya, ang &#8220;sentro&#8221; sa iyong pangalan ay hindi lamang lunan. <em>(Lorence Lozano/Philippine Collegian)</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Sinalubong ni Elyrah L. Salanga-Torralba, Kawaksing Propesor sa Departamento ng Filipino at Panitikan ng Pilipinas, ang ika-dalawampu&#8217;t isang milenyo sa pagpasok niya bilang guro ng panitikan, malikhaing pagsulat, at kulturang popular.</p><p>Ngunit bago balikatin ang responsabilidad ng pagiging guro, sinulit niya muna ang buhay-kolehiyala sa piling ng iyong pasilyo. Kabisado niya ang mga silid na minsang naging pook ng pagpapakadalubhasa. Dito niya nakatagpo ang mga tinitingalang guro at manunulat&#8212;kagaya ni Lilia Quindoza-Santiago, na pumanaw noong pandemya nang hindi man lamang nasasaksihan ang muli mong pagtayo.</p><p>Sa labing-anim na taon ng pagtuturo, tinuring niyang pribadong santuwaryo ang iyong gusali. Humihimlay siya sa malambot mong sofa pagkatapos ng maghapong pagharap sa mga estudyante. Sa iyong katahimikan, natatamo niya ang kalinga. Binuksan mo rin ang pagkakataong makapagpasimula sila ng ugnayan ng mga kapuwa-guro. Sintatag ng iyong pundasyon ang kanilang pagkakaibigan.</p><p>Ngunit alipatong kumalat ang balita: Unang araw ng Abril, taong 2016, tinupok ng apoy ang iyong pundasyon. Linamon ka ng sunog. Inabo nito ang lahat ng ipinagkatiwala sa iyong mga gamit: mga larawan ng asawa at ina, koleksiyong aklat, pinakaiingatang memorabilia. Walang kinikilalang alaala ang nagngangalit na apoy.</p><p>Habang inuupos ka ng pagkatupok, nasa ospital si Ma&#8217;am Elyrah at inuupos din ng pangamba. Ihinahanda niya noon ang sarili sa nagbabadyang pamamaalam ng kaniyang ina. Ipagpaumanhin mo ang kaniyang pagkakalayo. Hanggang ngayon, nagsisisi siyang wala siya sa tabi mo noong binubura ka ng lagablab.</p><p>Dalawang araw matapos kang masunog, pumanaw ang kaniyang ina. Hindi niya na naiproseso ang iyong pagkawala. Kailangan niyang tatagan ang kaniyang sarili habang inaasikaso ang b&#250;rol at libing. Magkakambal na pagluluksa ang kaniyang hinarap. Magkasimbigat na pamamaalam ang pinasan niya sa magkabilang balikat.</p><p>Isang dekada matapos ang iyong pagkawala, wala pa ring maayos na tahanan ang sangkaguruang minsan mong pinatuloy. Nakalambitin pa rin ang kolehiyo sa kalbaryo ng walang kasiguruhan.</p><p>Sa lahat ng ito, bitbit pa rin ni Ma&#8217;am Elyrah ang iyong pagkakakilanlan: Faculty Center. Wika niya, ang &#8220;sentro&#8221; sa iyong pangalan ay hindi lamang lunan. Paraan ito ng paglalagay ng sarili sa gitna&#8212;bilang gurong nangangailangan ng pribadong espasyo. Kaya ang sampung taon ng walang permanenteng tirahan ay isang dekadang kawalang-galang sa karapatan ng sangkaguruan.</p><p>Payak lamang ang kaniyang hiling habang nakatanaw sa mabagal na usad ng iyong konstruksiyon: Bulatlatin ang mga detalye ng proseso at dokumentong kailangan upang bigyang-sagot kung kailan matatapos ang muli mong pag-inat. Diin pa niya, &#8220;Kailangang managot ang dapat na managot sa perwisyong dinaranas ng sangkaguruan.&#8221;</p><p>Sa ngayon, habang nananatiling abo ang pangako ng mas mabilis mong pagtayo, nakakapit si Ma&#8217;am Elyrah sa kapangyarihan ng muling pagtatalambalay: sa pagsalat at pananariwa sa mga alaala ng nakalipas&#8212;kapiling ang espasyong saksi ng kaniyang buhay-kolehiyala at guro. &#9670;</p><p><em>*Hango sa sanaysay na &#8220;Talambalay&#8221; ni Elyrah L. Salanga-Torralba; tungkol sa pagtatala ng hirap dulot ng kawalan ng permanenteng tirahan.</em></p><p><em>Unang nailathala sa isyu ng Kul&#234; noong Abril 21, 2026.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kasaysayang Nakatirik]]></title><description><![CDATA[Julia Francine Malanos]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/kasaysayang-nakatirik</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/kasaysayang-nakatirik</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 06:30:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Para kay Ma&#8217;am Ei higit pa sa espasyo ang hinihingi ng komunidad ng KAL kundi ang panunumbalik ng natupok na piraso ng kanilang pagkakakilanlan.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2563980,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/195958870?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUg4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F120a0a31-b234-4059-9ee6-32ca978db9b2_3000x2000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Malinaw pa sa memorya ni Ma&#8217;am Ei kung paano ka naging kanlungan, literal na pangalawang tahanan ng kaniyang paglalagi sa pamantasan. <em>(Lorence Lozano/Philippine Collegian)</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Hindi ka nakaalma ng lumiyab ang ningas, wala kang nagawa kundi yakapin ang nakaambang trahedya.</p><p>Matapos ang isang dekada, tuwing papasadahan ka ng mga taong bumubuo ng komunidad, hindi nawawala ang pangungulila sa kanilang mata. Alam naming may pananabik ka ring nararamdaman sa ideyang kami&#8217;y muling makasama.</p><p>Aminado ang lahat na may panghihinayang sa mga materyal na bagay na nawala ngunit para sa karamihan, tulad ni Ma&#8217;am Eilene, mas nagmumulto ang mga sandaling bukas ang iyong pinto para sa pagtitipon ng mga indibidwal, hindi lang sa mga taga-Diliman.</p><p>Hindi basta-basta natitibag ang mga alaala. Malinaw pa sa memorya ni Ma&#8217;am Ei kung paano ka naging kanlungan, literal na pangalawang tahanan ng kaniyang paglalagi sa pamantasan.</p><p>Nagsimula si Ma&#8217;am Ei bilang mananaliksik ng SWF, pursigidong magbigay ng malaking ambag sa wika sa larang ng pagsasalin. Kaya&#8217;t hindi niya rin napigilan ang pagguho ng katatagan nang matupok ang mga diksyonaryong malaking parte ng kaniyang gawain.</p><p>Sa pagtuntong niya sa gradwadong antas hanggang sa magkatrabaho, saklaw ka pa rin ng kaniyang mga plano tulad ng pagtuturo ng kursong pagsasalin sa Departamento ng Filipino at Panitikan ng Pilipinas. Walang bakas ng pagkaumay, walang bahid ng pagpaplano na makawala sa iyong espasyo.</p><p>Dalawang taong tumigil ang mundo ni Ma&#8217;am Ei matapos ang trahedyang malinaw na hindi lang ikaw ang naapektuhan. Dalawang taong kinakapa-kapa kung may espasyo pa bang nakalaan sa kaniya kung siya ay magbabalik.</p><p>Hindi lang sunog ang trahedyang kinasuklaman ng guro, dagdag rito ang pandemya. Sa pagbabalik ng pamantasan, ramdam niya na ang rumaragasang sakit na mapagkaitan ng espasyo. Dumagdag pa ang dagok sa di-makatarungang mga responsibilidad na ibinigay sa kanilang mga guro.</p><p>Hindi maitago sa mukha ni Ma&#8217;am Ei ang ninakaw na ginhawa sa araw-araw na nakagawian: pagbubuhat ng mga libro at iba pang papeles mula bahay hanggang silid-aralan. Hindi rin kumportable kung tutuusin ang ipagsiksikan ang mga gamit sa personal na kwarto, mistulang walang permiso mula sa kaniya na gawin itong tambakan.</p><p>Aniya, aanhin pa ang temporaryong mga gusali kung ang silbi lamang nito ay pagpapatahimik para sa kanilang mga nakikibaka para sa karapatan sa espasyo.</p><p>Malinaw ang panawagan ng guro, ibigay ang karapat-dapat at permanenteng espasyo para sa komunidad ng CAL. Wakasan na ang nangyayaring pribatisasyon at komersalisasyon. &#9670;</p><p><em>Unang nailathala sa isyu ng Kul&#234; noong Abril 21, 2026.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ang Apat na Dekadang Panata ng Papet Pasyon para sa mga Bata at Pananampalataya]]></title><description><![CDATA[Klara Domagtoy Espedido]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/ang-apat-na-dekadang-panata-ng-papet</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/ang-apat-na-dekadang-panata-ng-papet</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 22:23:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Apatnapu&#8217;t siyam na taon matapos ang unang pagtatanghal, nananatili ang pangako ng Papet Pasyon: ipakilala ang dula sa puso ng mga bata.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg" width="1456" height="972" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ebcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:972,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:558167,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/195179218?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gaw_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Febcad2df-e2ec-4d3e-a68d-3107b92617ca_2048x1367.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"> Kung babalikan ang henesis ng dula, nailuwal ito sa kagustuhan ni Lape&#241;a-Bonifacio na magkaroon ng muling pagsasalaysay ng pasyon sa paraang angkop sa mga bata. (Kuha ni Vladimeir B. Gonzales)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Noong 1730, iniluwal ng panulaan ni Gaspar Aquino de Belen ang kauna-unahang mahabang tulang Tagalog. Tinawag itong <em>Mahal na Passion ni Jesus Christong Panginoon Natin&#8212;</em>isang muling pagsasalaysay sa buhay ni Hesus. Isang dekada makalipas, ililimbag ang pagtatangkang iangkop sa wika ng panahon ang naunang bersiyon ni de Belen. Buhat sa impluwensiya ng Bulakenyong si Padre Mariano Pilapil, makikilala ang bersiyong ito bilang Pasyong Pilapil o Pasyong Henesis.</p><p>Taong 1980, bubuklatin ni Amelia Lape&#241;a-Bonifacio, Pambansang Alagad ng Sining para sa Teatro, ang Pasyong Henesis. Sa nagniningas na hangaring maiangkop ang pasyon sa kulturang Pilipino, at sa kagustuhang ipakilala sa mga bata ang sining ng pagtatanghal, maisusulat niya ang isang dulang pambatang ngayo&#8217;y tinatawag na Papet Pasyon.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Pananampalatayang Pinoy</strong></h2><p>Mula sa pinakauna nitong pagtatanghal noong 1985, nagbanyuhay ang Papet Pasyon bilang panata ng Teatrong Mulat ng Pilipinas&#8212;kompanyang panteatrong nakatuon sa pagtatanghal ng dulang pambata. Sa direksiyon ni Amihan Bonifacio-Ramolete, matagumpay nilang tinakdaan ang ika-apatnapu&#8217;t siyam nitong taon noong Marso 29. Sapagkat nakabatay sa Pasyong Henesis, nagsimula ang dula sa kuwento ng paglikha alinsunod sa Bibliya. Sinundan ito ng paglalakbay ni Hesus mula Domingo de Ramos hanggang Linggo ng Pagkabuhay.</p><p>Katangi-tangi ang paghahalo ng pasyon bilang tradisyong oral at senakulo bilang pagtatanghal upang mabuo ang Papet Pasyon. Ang dalawang ito&#8217;y bunga ng Kristiyanismong Bayan&#8212;talaban ng katutubo at dayuhang pananampalataya. Mula rito, higit na pinatitingkad ng iba-ibang paraan ng pagsasakatutubo ang dulang pambata.</p><p>Naging gabay ng mga manlililok mula sa Paete, Laguna ang <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Entanglement%3A-A-Preliminary-Study-of-a-Philippine-Tiatco-Bonifacio-Ramolete/5f6fcc2164759048e0f455b8aa5094169a1f39c5">desisyon ni Lape&#241;a-Bonifacio</a> na gawing kayumanggi ang balat at sarat ang ilong nina Hesus at Maria. Isa lamang ito sa mga hakbang tungo sa hangarin niyang ilapit sa mga Pilipinong manonood ang isang dayuhan at kolonyal na teksto. Pagtaliwas ito sa Eurosentrikong iconograpiya&#8212;na nagtatampok sa nakasanayang wangis ng mga santo bilang mapuputi at matatangos ang ilong.</p><p>Mababakas sa estruktura ng mga awit at pag-uusap sa dula ang dalawang tradisyong oral: ang <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26529796?if_data=e30%3D&amp;seq=1">pabasa sa estilo ng punto</a> at pagtula sa wawaluhing pantig. Sumalalay ang pagtatanghal sa mga kantang nakabatay sa tradisyon ng pabasa&#8212;kung saan maririnig ang bakas ng pre-kolonyal na paraan ng pag-awit sa mga epikong-bayan. Para kay <a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationalmuseumofthephilippines/posts/this-holy-monday-nationalmuseumph-features-pabasa-ng-pasyon-one-of-the-activitie/4150031641687789/">Reynaldo Ileto</a>, manunulat at iskolar, ang lamentasyon sa pabasa ay mararamdaman sa melodiyang minamarkahan ng pagbaba at pagtaas ng mga tono.</p><p>Sa pagdatal ng Miyerkoles Santo, kawili-wili sa tainga ang pag-uusap nina Hesus at Maria. Nasa wawaluhing pantig ang kanilang mga linyang mayroon ding tugmaan. Ang paggamit ng wawaluhing pantig ay pagkiling sa tradisyonal na paraan ng pagtula sa Pilipinas. Pagdiriin itong mayroon nang sariling estetika at paraan ng panulaan ang bansa bago pa man dumating ang mga Espanyol.</p><p>Ngunit hindi lamang Bibliya ang pinagbubukalan ng dayuhang inspirasyon ng dula. Nakabatay ang paggalaw ng mga papetir, habang natatakpan ng itim na kasuotan, sa bunraku ng Japan. Samantala, halaw sa wayang golek ng Indonesia ang manipulasyon sa papet&#8212;na kumikilos batay sa mahabang bakal na nakadikit sa magkabilaang kamay nito.</p><p>Tinawag nina <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Entanglement%3A-A-Preliminary-Study-of-a-Philippine-Tiatco-Bonifacio-Ramolete/5f6fcc2164759048e0f455b8aa5094169a1f39c5">Amihan Bonifacio-Ramolete at Anril Pineda Tiatco</a>, parehong propesor sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, ang pagsasakatutubo, estetika, at tema ng Papet Pasyon bilang pagbuhol-buhol. Sa dulang pambata, iginigiit ang pagka-Pilipino sa pamamagitan ng matalinong asimilasyon ng Pilipinong kultura at tradisyon sa mga banyagang impluwensiya. Maaari rin itong tingnan bilang mapagpalayang panggagagad; isang malikhaing paraan ng pagtatamo ng kapangyarihan laban sa dominasyon ng Kanluran.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Sa Puso ng Dula</strong></h2><p>Sa labas pa lamang ng tanghalan, kaagad nang maririnig ang tinig ni Lape&#241;a-Bonifacio. Sa itaas ng entablado, nakalambitin ang hugis-matang projector screen. Mula rito, matutunghayan ang pagpapaliwanag hinggil sa kaniyang poetika sa pagsulat at pagdidirehe ng Papet Pasyon.</p><p>Noong siya ay nabubuhay pa, <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dc84/f5551b23f4103cc8b8fd7df3b541138af6e5.pdf">nagsisimula ang pagtatanghal</a> sa pakikipag-usap niya sa mga manonood upang ipaliwanag ang dula at makapagtatag ng ugnayan. Paglalapat ito ng klasikong paraan ng pagkukuwento sa mga batang nakikinig.</p><p>Kung babalikan ang henesis ng dula, nailuwal ito sa kagustuhan ni Lape&#241;a-Bonifacio na magkaroon ng muling pagsasalaysay ng pasyon sa paraang angkop sa mga bata. Kung gayon, epektibo ang paggamit ng papet bilang mga tauhan upang mabisang <a href="https://www.ijem.com/articles/IJEM_7_2_305.pdf">maproseso ng mga bata</a> ang kanilang emosyon habang tumutunghay sa pagtatanghal. Tinutubuan sila ng simpatya sa pagdarahop at kagitingan ni Hesus.</p><p>Mahalaga ring itampok ang reimahinasyon ng dula sa pangyayari sa Hardin ng Getsemani. Sa Bibliya, hindi binanggit na dumating si Satanas upang gambalain ang pag-iisa ni Hesus. Sa Papet Pasyon, linansag ni Satanas ang katahimikan sa hardin. Nagbanyuhay siya bilang paniki, kambing, at bata.</p><p>Maaaring repleksiyon lamang ng sakit sa kalooban ni Hesus ang panghahamak ng demonyo. Ngunit pinagagaan ng materyalisasyon kay Satanas ang nakahihindik niyang anyo at panunukso. Mabisa ang depiksiyong ito sa pagpapaunawa sa mga bata ng karahasan, pagdurusa, at kamatayan&#8212;lalo at batbat sa ganitong paksa ang mga huling sandali ni Hesus.</p><p>Isa pa sa katangi-tanging paraan ng adaptasyon ay ang pagpapakilala ng dalawang batang tauhan bilang tagapagsalaysay. Ang di-pinangalanang batang lalaki ang pangunahing nagsasalita. Aniya, dati siyang pilay na nakaranas ng paghihimala ni Hesus. Nakapaglakad siyang muli matapos na pagalingin sa Bundok Olibete.</p><p>Sa dula, hindi lamang lantay na tagapagsalaysay ang mga bata&#8212;sa kanilang punto de bista nagmumula ang muling pagsasalaysay ng pasyon. Nakapagbabahagi sila ng saloobin at aktibong nagtatanong sa mga manonood. Dahil dito, hindi na lamang si Hesus ang kaisa-isang omnisyenteng tauhan. Kahit ang mga bidang bata ay nabibigyan ng kapangyarihang malaman at makita ang lahat. Sa tulong nito, mas madali para sa manonood na ilagay ang kanilang sarili sa punto de bista ni Hesus.</p><p>Sumususog ang pasiyang ito sa mga <a href="https://scispace.com/pdf/pag-akda-at-pagkabata-ang-namamayaning-tunguhin-at-estetika-3dyw07dqoi.pdf">panukalang estetika</a> ni Eugene Y. Evasco, premyadong manunulat, para sa pag-aakda ng panitikang pambata. Giit niya, hindi lamang dapat na simpleng tagamasid o tagatunghay sa mga pangyayari ang mga batang tauhan sa akdang pambata. Marapat silang bigyan ng kakayahan upang makisangkot sa naratibo. Esensiyal itong estilo upang mawaksi ang lantarang pangangaral&#8212;na likas sa pagtuturo ng Kristiyanismo.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Munting Trigo ang Dulang Pambata*</strong></h2><p>Kagaya ng nakagawian, bumababa mula sa entablado ang mga papetir pagkatapos na magtanghal. Binigyan nila ng pagkakataon ang mga manonood na pagalawin ang mga papet.</p><p>Bagaman kapansin-pansing kakaunti ang mga batang nanood sa iterasyon ng dula ngayong taon&#8212;bagay na maaaring sumagka sa layong ipakilala sa mga bata ang Papet Pasyon&#8212;hindi ito kasalanan o kakulangan ng Teatrong Mulat ng Pilipinas. Bukod sa mayroong limitadong bilang ang akomodasyon, hindi rin taon-taong pinopondohan ng mga institusyong pangsining ang pagtatanghal.</p><p>Mayroon namang mga inisyatiba kagaya ng pagpapalabas nito sa mga tanghalan ng Cultural Center of the Philippines at The Metropolitan Theater. Ngunit higit na kinakailangan ang ibayong pagpapahalaga sa dulang pambata bilang parehong anyong pampanitikan at teatrikal.</p><p>Nagbubukas ang Papet Pasyon ng maraming posibilidad: Kayang pasukin ng dula ang puso ng mga bata. Kung kaya, primaryang gampanin ng mga institusyong pangsining ang lumikha ng mas maraming pinto ng pagtatanghal upang patuluyin ang mas maraming bata. Bukod sa mabisa itong paraan sa pagpapatatag ng pananampalataya, munting trigo rin itong magpupunla ng pagmamahal sa sining ng dula. &#9670;</p><p><em>*Halaw sa linyang &#8220;Munting trigo ang buhay&#8221; na binanggit nina Hesus at Maria sa isa sa mga eksena sa dula.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[How Society Overlooks the Harm of ‘Kidfluencing’ as it Leverages on the Image of the Filipino Family]]></title><description><![CDATA[John Gabriel Bumatay]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/how-society-overlooks-the-harm-of</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/how-society-overlooks-the-harm-of</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 2026 04:02:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Kidfluencing thrives in the country, driven by a family culture that puts children at the center and an entertainment industry eager to shine a spotlight on young talents.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg" width="1456" height="1165" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pt1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60507283-a80d-43eb-8dfe-6d8f86d2f42d_3150x2521.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"> For kidfluencers, the fleeting joy of childhood is overshadowed by the demands of their work. (Illustration by Niobe Perez)</figcaption></figure></div><p>A child is too young to bear the weight of work&#8212;this is what society has long insisted. But as the internet blurs the line between work and play, it grows easy for society to lose sight of what childhood should be.</p><p>As the internet grows increasingly saturated, standing out is more difficult than ever. Such is the reality for influencers, or anyone trying to make their mark online. Yet one strategy seems to grab eyes like nothing else: children and their lives, packaged for everyone to see.</p><p>Across social media platforms like TikTok and Facebook, kids are no longer just passive users: They are creating, posting, and&#8212;most of the time&#8212;becoming the very content that people consume.</p><p>In an increasingly digital world, this is what childhood has become. Children have taken over the internet, or perhaps, the internet has taken over the children. Yet what&#8217;s worrisome here is not so much their presence online, but the dangers it entails&#8212;their lives are commodified, privacy is compromised, and obligations outpace their maturity.</p><p></p><h2><strong>We are Family</strong></h2><p>&#8220;Kidfluencing&#8221; describes the growing phenomenon of minors taking part in creating and sharing digital content, either independently or through their parents, and is often aimed at commercial revenue, sociology professor Caterina Rohde-Abuba <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/398878543_I_know_where_you_live_let's_be_friends_Digital_Violence_in_the_Context_of_Kidfluencing">notes</a>. Given that kidfluencers are minors, their online presence is often produced and managed by their parents or guardians, largely orchestrating the narrative audiences see.</p><p>The appeal of kidfluencers, like that of ordinary influencers, lies in parasocial relationships in which audiences develop a sense of connection and friendship despite no real interaction, <a href="https://digiuv.villanueva.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12766/645/KIDFLUENCERS_AN%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20THE%20COMMUNICATION%20STRATEGIES%20OF%20CHILD%20INFLUENCERS.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">posits</a> Villanueva University researchers Miriam Allu&#233; and Miguel Mart&#237;n-C&#225;rdaba.</p><p>In the Philippines, kidfluencing can be traced to the rise of the family influencers who document their lives through long-form and short-form content on YouTube and TikTok. The <a href="https://phkule.org/article/1148/vlogging-content-creation-at-ang-mukha-ng-pamilya-sa-social-media">Toro Family</a>, for example, follows the daily lives of what might be considered a modern family. Yet, threaded through their digital narrative are young children whose lives are publicly shared, raising the question of their ability to consent.</p><p>But this occurrence is not isolated; it reflects deeper cultural patterns around the Filipino family. Sociology professor Samuel Cabbuag <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20563051251356157">observes</a> that Filipino families are usually child-centered, given that they are usually viewed as the focal point of happiness and support, which may shed light on the increasing prominence of kidfluencers in the country. This underscores why children&#8217;s participation in online content is socially tolerated and even encouraged.</p><p>The rise of kidfluencing threaded within family vlogs reflects the enduring significance of the family in Filipino society. As Filipino society places great importance on the family, audiences are drawn to content that showcases it, likely because it resonates with their shared cultural ideals of love and care.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Launchpad to Industry</strong></h2><p>Stepping outside the family, the rise of kidfluencing is also shaped by the Philippine entertainment industry&#8217;s long-standing practice of promoting young talents, Cabbuag adds. Consider the case of artists such as Ryzza Mae Dizon and Zaijan Jaranilla, who launched their careers as young talents and eventually became household names. This sheds light on why some parents have little hesitation in placing their children front and center on social media.</p><p>Moreover, there is little doubt that many aspiring artists see influencing as a stepping stone into the wider entertainment industry. Hence, for some parents, involving their children in the influencer space may appear to be a valuable opportunity when they perceive talent or promise from their children.</p><p>However, not all parents post their children online for profit. For some, social media is simply a digital scrapbook, a way to capture fleeting moments to look back on&#8212;a practice called <a href="https://www.unicef.org/parenting/child-care/sharenting">sharenting</a>. Yet at the same time, gaining attention from sharenting inadvertently launches the child into the world of kidfluencing, oftentimes because parents see it as a beneficial opportunity for fame.</p><p>In TikTok, especially, parents would use the platform as a storage for memories. But as is often the case, once their children catch the attention of viewers, what began as a simple digital scrapbook would turn into full-blown kidfluencing, with the child thrust into the limelight, whether they want to or not.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Stolen Childhood</strong></h2><p>There is little question that the internet can be a perilous environment, dangerous enough for adults, and even more so for children. It does not forget, and it does not ask for permission.</p><p>A major concern in sharing children&#8217;s content is that once personal images or data are posted online, control is lost as anyone can view, download, or share them. All too often, parents overlook these risks, leaving posts about their children exposed to potential misuse, <a href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/social-and-legal-risks-of-sharenting-when-forming-a-child-s-digital-identity-in-social-networks">asserts</a> San Antonio de Murcia Catholic University professor Francisco Aranda Serna. This could take the form of bullying, predatory behaviors such as pedophilia, and the unauthorized use of a child&#8217;s personal information.</p><p>The deeper problem in kidfluencing lies not in what we see, but in what remains unseen. Kidfluencing can be considered a form of child labor, but it becomes complicated as threats of harm, economic exploitation, and the child&#8217;s inability to consent are common to many forms of labor. Yet such threats are expressed differently and more opaquely in kidfluencing due to family dynamics, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-025-05953-7">argue</a> business ethics researchers Daniel Clark and Alisa Jno-Charles.</p><p>For kidfluencers, the fleeting joy of childhood is overshadowed by the demands of their work. This entails having little control over their childhood as they live under the glare of an ever-watchful audience. Absorbed into a career already mapped out for them, they are deprived of the time to play and explore other interests, experiences that are meant to shape every childhood. Such circumstances raise concerns about whether their online presence may be edging into exploitation.</p><p>While there are laws that aim to safeguard the rights of Filipino children, none specifically regulate and monitor the phenomenon of kidfluencing. The limits of existing laws are evident in the Child Employment Prohibition Act, which bans child labor below 15 but permits work under parental supervision. This calls for revisiting and expanding current laws to keep up with the realities of the digital age.</p><p>Perhaps the concept of childhood is being redefined by the demands of the digital world. But in this process, we must ascertain that these demands remain secondary to the interests of the children.</p><p>The digital world moves fast, and it&#8217;s tempting to pull children along. Yet in keeping pace, we must not forget that childhood is for children, and for them alone. &#9670;</p><p><em>First published in the April 7, 2026 print issue of the </em>Collegian</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Your Child May Be at Risk in the Glitched Predator Playground of Online Games]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bianca Arceo]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/your-child-may-be-at-risk-in-the</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/your-child-may-be-at-risk-in-the</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 06:49:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Roblox promises fun and community, but beneath the games lie risks of exploitation and extremist influence, demanding urgent legal action and accountability from the company itself.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png" width="1456" height="1165" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/de4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1165,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5994162,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/194040470?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PMwB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde4d3acc-085e-418f-a9d3-07d1e7d736ad_2000x1600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Behind the low-poly smile of the digital playground lies a high-stakes ecosystem of gambling and exploitation. (Illustration by Ainhoa Cananea)</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#8220;I will burn down my school,&#8221; <a href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3347111/philippine-police-thwart-roblox-linked-school-shooting-plot-7-teens">read</a> a social media post that would later trace back to a teenage boy in Laguna province, part of a group of youths allegedly plotting a mass shooting. Reportedly radicalized by foreign actors, their channel of communication hid in plain sight&#8212;disguised as nothing more than fun and games on Roblox. Beyond blocks, avatars, and role-play, something far more insidious thrives on the platform, directly posing a risk to children.</p><p>Roblox is not just child&#8217;s play as plenty of adults are in the game too, and not all of them are playing by the rules. Role playing becomes grooming, simulations turn into manipulation, and what is supposed to be harmless fun morphs into exploitation. Protection, the very thing children need on the platform, fades into absence in the space where it is needed most.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Team up to level up</strong></h3><p>One player invites another to play <em>Dress to Impress</em>, competing to see who is the best dressed. Another might join <em>Grow a Garden</em>, exchanging treasures and gifts. Roblox has grown beyond a platform for solo play; it has become a hub for social connection and creativity. When friends are not online, content creators like <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@kaboguera?is_from_webapp=1&amp;sender_device=pc">Kaboguera</a> on TikTok, livestream Roblox or share clips, inviting followers to join and turn play into a shared experience.</p><p>But apart from fun and games, online games have also given way to political discussions. During the 2022 presidential election, many games were created where players of all ages could share opinions and express political sentiments. From the streets to the servers, protesters became avatars, and the <a href="https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/9/22/filipino-gamers-stage-virtual-anti-corruption-protests-on-roblox-1251">Trillion Peso March</a> was even reenacted in a game called &#8220;Pinoy RP Hangout Luneta Server,&#8221; complete with placards demanding government accountability. Beyond individual games, Roblox has become a digital arena for activism, where users participate in virtual rallies and protests.</p><p>In the platform, creativity is limitless. Games transcend mere fun, as it also turns into an arena of collective expression rooted from the platform&#8217;s real-time interactive environment. However, this same convenience lowers barriers between users, enabling not only peer interaction among children but also exposing them to greater risks of exploitation by other adults in the game.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Not all players came to play</strong></h3><p>It is no longer fun and games when extremists often found on Reddit, known for hosting far-right content, begin to surface on Roblox, where such material and audiences are both unexpected and concerning. This shift underscores the fragility of the idealized <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/487737">public sphere</a> proposed by German philosopher J&#252;rgen Habermas, which depends on all participants having equal chances to contribute on discussions grounded in reasoned argument. This ideal breaks down when manipulative actors dominate, as older users hold more power than the mostly child audience, creating a clear imbalance.</p><p>This imbalance is sustained by predatory behaviors, such as grooming where adults pose as peers, engage in roleplay with minors, and gradually earn their trust before urging them to move conversations off-platform. One <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48450604">case</a> in the U.S. revealed the severity of this pattern: A mother discovered on her child&#8217;s device that a predator had persuaded the child to use a third-party app, where the conversation escalated into explicit discussions of rape and graphic sexual content.</p><p>Roblox enforces strict safeguards, such as filtered chats and automatic bans on voice communication, when explicit language is detected. Yet in practice, these protections remain uneven and inconsistently enforced.</p><p>Nearly <a href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3347111/philippine-police-thwart-roblox-linked-school-shooting-plot-7-teens">90%</a> of children in middle- and upper-income play online games, per UNICEF. The report also found an increasing number of violent and extremist organizations pointing to a growing web of criminal networks in online applications. While access to digital technology have insofar been stratified with less access among children from low-income backgrounds, they are still the most vulnerable to accessing less regulated apps. Paying to remove ads in games, for one, lessens the risk of children being exposed to other harmful content and games, but not all can afford it. In the Philippines, a leading global <a href="https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/unicef-make-digital-world-safer-children-while-increasing-online-access-benefit-most">source</a> of child sexual exploitation material and a hub for live-streamed abuse, these risks expose the gap between safeguards and reality.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Game over</strong></h3><p>Countries globally have been attempting to address the pressing issues surrounding the exploitative risks of Roblox. In the United States, as of January 2026, federal lawsuits concerning child sexual exploitation and abuse on Roblox were consolidated into a single multidistrict <a href="https://vanlawfirm.com/blog/roblox-lawsuits-explained-what-to-know-in-2026/">litigation</a> in the Northern District of California. Several states have also filed separate cases, alleging the platform concealed or misrepresented its safety risks.</p><p>Legal action against Roblox in the country remains stalled, allowing the platform to operate largely unchecked while accountability lags. In the Philippines, concerns over online child exploitation have prompted a Senate investigation, alongside proposed measures mandating age verification and stricter child safety standards for digital platforms. With such exploitation on the rise, there is an urgent need to enforce existing child protection laws, including RA 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009 and RA 10175 or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.</p><p>Beyond holding Roblox and other online games accountable and coordinating with law enforcement, there is a pressing need to embed digital literacy in school curricula, equipping children with awareness of online risks and their real-world consequences. Equally important is the home, where parents should foster open conversations about dangers like grooming, scams, and unsafe interactions, treating these topics as essential rather than taboo.</p><p>Childhood has changed. What should be a memory painted in vibrant hues is now increasingly shadowed by risk, as if every moment of online joy comes tethered to unseen danger. Even spaces meant for laughter and connection, such as Roblox, lighthearted games that once fostered community, have been seized by predators and infiltrated by illegal gamblers, turning joy into a landscape of exploitation. Digital spaces should be shaped to protect children, not force them to navigate dangers they should not face.</p><p>Childhood in the digital space may have changed, but it must not steal the child within. &#9670;</p><p><em>First published in the April 7, 2026 print issue of the </em>Collegian.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Reimagining Solitary Mouse Moments Amid the Familiar Collectivity in Filipino Spaces and Gatherings]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kristian Timothy Bautista]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/reimagining-solitary-mouse-moments</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/reimagining-solitary-mouse-moments</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 05:20:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Within Filipino norms where eating is relational, the mouse moment unveils a divergence between communal culture and solo time, shaped by urban life, independence, and the need for personal time.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg" width="1456" height="1132" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1132,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:585107,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/194037318?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j7yf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51376279-a5bf-461e-a3ef-4876028c673b_1991x1548.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">In a culture where eating is seen as a communal ritual, the rising popularity of the term &#8220;mouse moment&#8221; highlights the clash between Filipino social traditions and pervasive modern-day solitude in a fast-paced environment. (Illustration by Maja Gomez)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Walk into an average Filipino gathering and you&#8217;ll rarely feel alone. More often, you&#8217;d feel overstimulated by the nonstop &#8220;mano po&#8217;s&#8221; to aunts and uncles whose faces you have only seen now, as well as inaanaks you did not know you had. As Filipinos, we rarely do things alone, especially when it comes to eating. Food has always been tied to a sense of community&#8212;from fiestas and gatherings to birthday parties.</p><p>The Filipino people are widely recognized as highly relational beings, shaped by values that prioritize family, community, and shared experiences. <a href="https://www.indigenouspsych.org/Members/Pe-Pua,%20Rogelia/PePua_Marcelino_2000.pdf">Virgilio Enriquez&#8217;s Sikolohiyang Pilipino</a> as a framework centers on <em>kapwa</em>&#8212;the idea that the self is fundamentally connected to others, and that our family shapes how we think, feel, and interact with others.</p><p>As a result, the concept of eating alone, also known as a mouse moment in more recent popular culture, may subtly disrupt a cultural expectation of shared existence among Filipinos. Within preconceived social norms where eating functions as a relational and moral act, the emergence of the mouse moment imparts a striking contrast between traditional communal expectations and contemporary expressions of individual solitude.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Collective Culture</strong></h3><p>Originating from a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBRgYIvaL00">YouTube video</a> of a tiny animated mouse nibbling on some M&amp;Ms, the mouse moment phenomenon reveals itself as an introspective moment of eating alone.</p><p>As relational as Filipinos are, it is not uncommon for some to experience eating alone. While having a mouse moment often carries an assumed sense of loneliness, its growing practice in Filipino spaces raises questions about how pakikipagkapwa and eating as a communal activity continue to manifest in contemporary society.</p><p>Whereas individualistic cultures frame solitude as self-sufficiency and empowering, Filipino culture may perceive solitude as unnatural. Nevertheless, this does not mean Filipinos cannot act independently or spend time alone, as cultural values describe general tendencies rather than strict rules&#8212;allowing for personal and situational differences, such as one&#8217;s experience of a mouse moment.</p><p>There are various circumstances which lead people to eat alone&#8212;from being far from their loved ones, to living independently, or simply wanting to enjoy personal time. These moments of solitude are often shaped less by a rejection of pakikipagkapwa and more by the realities of everyday life, especially for those living in urbanized communities.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Countercultural Chow Time</strong></h3><p>Demanding schedules and being away from your family mean that shared meals are not always possible. For many Filipinos, this is also shaped by broader and harsh social realities&#8212;like moving to Metro Manila for better-paying jobs due to lower provincial wages, long commutes, and the rising cost of living. In these instances, eating alone becomes normalized as it is the most practical choice.</p><p>The mouse moment phenomenon sheds light on how Filipinos experience solitude within a culture that values togetherness. In a system defined by tight schedules, long commutes, and the constant demand for productivity to sustain oneself and family, even eating is reduced to efficiency. Working-class Filipinos rush through meals because time is money, leaving little room for communal interaction. Deeper economic structures can also be insinuated with the mouse moment phenomenon because meals are compressed into something to be completed, which stands in tension with our culture that traditionally treats eating as a communal activity.</p><p>There is a striking contrast to those with greater privilege, who can reclaim the mouse moment as intentional and restorative. While many Filipinos are compelled into solitude by necessity, a minority of us have the privilege to appreciate and even romanticize it as a form of self-care or &#8220;me time,&#8221;  with the rise of viral mouse moment clips circulating online. For them, solitude is curated in a quiet caf&#233; visit, a solo dinner, or a movie time alone&#8212;to pause, to indulge, and to turn mouse moments into something aesthetic and salutary rather than necessary.</p><p>Yet beyond class, personality also plays a role for some individuals, particularly for introverts who genuinely prefer being alone&#8212;all things considered. Ultimately, the mouse moment reveals how capitalism structures the conditions of solitude, class shapes its constraints or freedoms, and personal disposition influences how it is experienced.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Eating Alone, Together</strong></h3><p>On the flipside of things, though many Filipinos eat alone physically, most of them are often accompanied by their phones&#8212;either scrolling through their feed or watching something for comfort, staying socially connected even in moments of solitude. The viral mouse moment clips online may even wish to repackage solitude as something aesthetic, intentional, and even comforting that may reimagine what eating alone is like for us Filipinos.</p><p>In a culture where pakikipagkapwa defines the self through kapwaand the community, the mouse moment phenomenon suggests that having time for yourself alone and pakikipagkapwa need not to be polar opposites, but can rather coexist in evolving ways of experiencing connection for many Filipinos. &#9670;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[In the Face of Genocide, the Keffiyeh Binds Palestinians and Allies Worldwide]]></title><description><![CDATA[Zazel Espeso]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/in-the-face-of-genocide-the-keffiyeh</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/in-the-face-of-genocide-the-keffiyeh</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2026 12:00:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>The keffiyeh, as shown in its rich history during times of struggle and resistance, continues to be a shared symbol of allyship with the Palestinian people.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png" width="727.9947509765625" height="582.4958000602303" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1165,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:727.9947509765625,&quot;bytes&quot;:6793054,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://phkule.substack.com/i/194028995?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GZdH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F501e2603-c785-4e54-9eb2-d73e48339ef3_2000x1600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Amidst the ongoing genocide in Palestine, the keffiyeh serves as an important marker of Palestinian identity and an article for international solidarity especially at a time when attempts to eradicate the Palestinians&#8217; identity and existence still continue. (Illustration by Ainhoa Cananea)</figcaption></figure></div><p>At a mobilization, a patterned black and white scarf&#8212;either draping the shoulders or wrapped around the head of an activist&#8212;stands out in the crowd. Prominent figures also wear it: Climate activist <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13071555/greta-thunberg-palestinian-headdress-protest-france.html">Greta Thunberg</a>, for instance, wore the same scarf aboard the Madleen Flotilla that set sail to Palestine last year. Artists and celebrities worldwide also wear the scarf in public events, creating a bold statement through their outfit. Even <a href="https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17MaBFAbJt/">Senator Robin Padilla</a> tied the scarf around his neck during a senate hearing in 2025.</p><p>The noticeable and hard-to-miss scarf is the Palestinian keffiyeh, which has become a symbol of solidarity and resistance as allies worldwide don the scarf to show support to the Palestinian people. Besides the Palestinians, Arab nations also wear the keffiyeh, emphasizing unity among West Asian countries. In the Philippines, allies and activists have also been spotted wearing the scarf during mobilizations and protest actions.</p><p>Amidst the ongoing oppression and genocide in Palestine,<strong> </strong>the keffiyeh both serves as an important marker of Palestinian identity and an article for international solidarity especially at a time when attempts to eradicate the Palestinians&#8217; identity and existence still continue.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Threading the Narrative</strong></h2><p>Zooming in to the keffiyeh reveals intricate details that one should not miss. Patterns and symbols significant to Palestinian culture are weaved into the scarf: The olive leaves pattern is a nod to the longstanding <a href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-olive-trees-of-palestine/">cultural and economic relevance</a> of the olive tree to the Palestinians. Meanwhile, the fishnet pattern symbolizes the connection between the Palestinian sailors and the Mediterranean sea. The intersecting thick, bold checkered lines represent the trade routes along Palestine, where merchants met and exchanged goods and culture.</p><p>These symbols serve as cultural codes that the Palestinians share as they derive meaning from these real-world objects and attach their unique experiences to it, which is then translated into the keffiyeh as symbols. This shared meaning-making is an essential tenet in sociologist Stuart Hall&#8217;s <a href="https://ayomenulisfisip.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/hall-1997-representation.pdf">&#8220;Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices</a>,&#8221; where members of the same culture associate images and concepts that they use to understand the world.</p><p>But more than the elements present in the scarf, historical events attached to the keffiyeh create new meanings that further bind the Palestinian people experiencing the same lived realities of struggle and resistance. From here, the keffiyeh itself then becomes a symbol that urges collective behavior and organized action, an application of Susan Kaiser&#8217;s symbolic interactionism in &#8220;<a href="https://z-library.sk/book/5R0AkJ9Ajp/the-social-psychology-of-clothing-symbolic-appearances-in-context.html?ts=1714">The Social Psychology of Clothing: Symbolic Appearances in Context.&#8221;</a></p><p>But the keffiyeh&#8217;s symbolism may change and <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0887302X9501300304">&#8220;symbolic ambiguities&#8221;</a> will also emerge, altering not only the meanings attached to the keffiyeh, but also how the scarf is styled. The meaning of the keffiyeh as a whole, then, becomes socially constructed&#8212;and continues to be reconstructed&#8212;because of the different situations in which it has been used. However, given its relevance, a negative or dangerous reconstruction of the keffiyeh can also be created, such as how supporters of Israel brand the scarf to be <a href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-858190">a symbol of anti-semitism and terrorism</a>.</p><p>Despite some efforts to reverse the narrative, the uniqueness of the keffiyeh is that it can be worn by non-Palestinian people. Significantly, political science professor Evan Renfro <a href="https://sci.bban.top/pdf/10.1177/1367877917713266.pdf?download=true">points out</a> that no religious or ethnic group owns the &#8220;symbolic ideals of solidarity and social justice&#8221; of the keffiyeh, therefore encouraging Palestinian supporters and allies to wear the scarf in movements against the genocide worldwide.</p><p>Even though non-Palestinians do not experience the Palestinians&#8217; realities firsthand, there is an understanding that the keffiyeh symbolizes solidarity because of the meaning Palestinians have attached to it. And in wearing so, the threads of resistance and solidarity bind every activist, supporter, and ally across the globe.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Weaving the History</strong></h2><p>Initially, only rural workers in Palestine wore the keffiyeh to shield the farmers from heat, whereas the urban people wore a red hat called the tarboosh. During the Arab Revolt against Britain from 1936 to 1939, peasant-rebels urged people in the towns to wear the keffiyeh instead of the tarboosh to confuse the opposition forces. Revolutionaries also used the keffiyeh to hide their identities by wrapping the scarf over their face, only showing the eyes. Here, the indicators between status were erased as both the rural and urban population wore the scarf, showing their unity against the British colonizers as their common oppressor.</p><p>From 1967 to 1993, the Palestinian flag was banned by Israeli authorities shortly after the occupation of the West Bank. The keffiyeh was once again <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-keffiyeh-scarves-controversial-symbol-solidarity-2023-12-14/">used to assert its nationhood</a> during the long struggle to their recognition as a state.</p><p>In these attempts to silence the Palestinian people and erase their identity, they anchor on the traditional scarf&#8212;that had long been used since they were part of the Ottoman Empire&#8212;to remind colonizers of the Palestinian people&#8217;s place in history and assert their rights over their land.</p><p>Generally, Palestinians permit&#8212;and even encourage&#8212;other nationalities to wear the keffiyeh. But this also runs the risk of commodifying the symbolic scarf, such as <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/louis-vuitton-slammed-selling-keffiyeh-style-scarf-n1269629">Louis Vuitton&#8217;s &#8220;Monogram Keffieh Stole&#8221;</a> in 2021, where the keffiyeh is appropriated and is stripped of its meaning as a symbol of resistance.</p><p>Fashion brands also produced cheap knockoffs of the keffiyeh, and it became a fashion statement devoid of meaning.The elements present in the keffiyeh may also be risked once it is reproduced by non-Palestinian brands that only want to hop on certain fashion trends and profit from the design without fully knowing its history and context.</p><p>Danger also lies in <a href="https://www.thegazelle.org/issue/272/politicization-of-palestinian-keffiyeh">appropriating</a> elements from the keffiyeh, most especially by the West, where the scarf is only worn for aesthetic purposes.This disrespects the history of not only the keffiyeh, but Palestinian struggle in general. The scarf needs to be worn with respect, and acceptable styling includes wearing it for its original purpose&#8212;as a headdress or as a scarf.</p><p>Despite the overall liberty to wear the keffiyeh, institutions worldwide banned its use. In <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz747djrp0eo">2024</a>, the Victorian Parliament in Australia banned the wearing of the scarves in the Parliament because of its political nature. During the same year, politicians and visitors entering the Ontario Legislature were prohibited from wearing the keffiyeh and asked those who wore it to leave the chamber.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Sporting Solidarity</strong></h2><p>From the streets worldwide to the Philippines, however, the keffiyeh is a celebrated symbol of international solidarity. Filipino activists wear the scarf to proudly show their support for the Palestinian people&#8217;s fight for liberation.</p><p>From being used only as a protection against sunlight, the historical scarf of the Palestinians has witnessed many wars and revolutions, as well as fashion trends and fads. Just as history has contributed to its symbolism in Palestinian culture, it will continue to change its meaning depending on the people who wear it.</p><p>Nevertheless, one thing rings true: the keffiyeh has cemented its crucial role in defining the Palestinian identity amid the sustained efforts to distort their history and erase their culture today. &#9670;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sa BARMM, ang Pagtatanghal ng mga Katutubong Sayaw ay Paglikha ng Kolektibong Alaala]]></title><description><![CDATA[Klara Domagtoy Espedido]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-barmm-ang-pagtatanghal-ng-mga</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/sa-barmm-ang-pagtatanghal-ng-mga</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2026 03:32:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Ang sining man ay sityo ng tunggalian ng sining, relihiyon, at kultura, kinasasangkapan pa rin ng BARMM ang kapangyarihan ng mga katutubong sayaw upang igiit ang kanilang identidad at kasaysayan.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png" width="1456" height="1165" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j920!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F072a0c5c-f9d8-4202-a59c-e839180b2298_1745x1396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sa kontra-memorya, ang sayaw ay hindi lamang sining. Ito rin ay anyo ng paulit-ulit na pag-alala upang tutulan ang kasaysayang bumubura at nagsasantabi sa kanilang pagkakakilanlan. (Dibuho ni Aaron Ori&#241;o)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Huminga nang malalim si Maisara at pinakiramdaman ang kaniyang sarili. Habang nakatayo sa loob ng malong, banayad niyang hinahawakan ang tela gamit ang hintuturo at hinlalaki. Kasama ang apat pang kababaihang Maguindanaon, nakahanay silang nabubulag sa liwanag ng mga ilaw sa entablado.</p><p>Nang tumugtog ang mga agung at kulintang, sabay-sabay silang naglakad sa estilo ng kini-kini. Maingat si Maisara sa kaniyang mga hakbang. Ramdam niya ang bigat ng telang hinabi ng iginagalang niyang lola o tuwa-babay sa wikang Maguindanaon. Kappa malong-malong ang tawag sa kasalukuyan nilang itinatanghal&#8212;isang sayaw ng pagpapakilala sa sining ng pagsusuot-hubad ng malong.</p><p>Isa lamang ito sa maraming gabi ng kanilang pagtatanghal. Isa sa maraming beses ng kanilang pagtatangkang maipamana sa mga bagong henerasyon ang sayaw na kadikit ng kanilang kultura.</p><p></p><h2><strong>Kolektibong Pag-indak</strong></h2><p>Bago pa man ang pagdating ng Islam, malago at umiiral na sa kultura ng Mindanao ang mga katutubong sayaw. Ayon kay <a href="https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1277&amp;context=paha">Kanami Namiki</a>, iskolar ng Philippine Folk Dance, ang kultural na sayaw sa mga M&#235;ranaw ay bahagi ng katutubong Islam&#8212;bunga ng paghahalo at talaban ng mga katutubong tradisyon, animistikong paniniwala, at paraan ng buhay.</p><p>Noong 1970, lumawak ang Sunni Islam&#8212;ang tradisyonal na sangay ng pagtalima sa mga sunnah ni Propeta Muhammad. Binago nito hindi lamang ang kultura ng mga M&#235;ranaw, kundi maging ng buong BARMM. Bagaman hanggang sa kasalukuyan ay sumusunod sa Sunni ang karamihan sa populasyon, nananatili ang pagpapahalaga ng mga Moro at Muslim sa kanilang mga kultural na sayaw.</p><p>Ibinatay sa Darang&#235;n, ang bersiyon ng epikong-bayan sa mga Maguindanaon at M&#235;ranaw, ang <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272715541_Sagayan_The_Dance_of_Meranao_Royalty/link/6969e079abecff2489ec0779/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7InBhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiIsInByZXZpb3VzUGFnZSI6bnVsbH19&amp;__cf_chl_tk=N9NHzXIasj2Tpim0mNqS1zoB8bqiUSrs3pHCYwW.dI0-1773810133-1.0.1.1-aeY.uoxuS.V9v1cQNKUYs2RVgFUDejKhN00nzgAOQwA">Sagayan</a>&#8212;isang sayaw ng digma hinggil sa mga preparasyong ginawa ni Prinsipe Bantugan bago sagipin ang kaniyang kapatid na si Prinsesa Linawen. Pinagdurugtong ng sayaw ang nakalipas at kasalukuyan dahil itinuturing bilang salsila o kuwento ng pinagmulan ang pinagbatayan nitong epikong-bayan, ani <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272715541_Sagayan_The_Dance_of_Meranao_Royalty">Sahria Maruhom</a>, guro sa Mindanao State University.</p><p>Samantala, bunga ng relasyon sa kalikasan ang mga katutubong sayaw sa <a href="https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=22643">Tawi-tawi</a>: pagpaparangal sa masaganang ani, panggagagad sa galaw ng ibong linggisan, at pagkonekta sa espiritu ng mga ninuno. Maituturing ding ritwal, itinatanghal ang mga sayaw upang makapagpagaling ng sakit at guminhawa ang buhay.</p><p>Mahihinuha mula ritong hindi kailanman indibidwalistiko ang pagtatanghal ng mga katutubong sayaw. Sapagkat komunal itong gawain para sa lipunang BARMM, maituturing ang produksiyon at pagtatanghal ng mga sayaw bilang gawi ng kontra-memorya. Nagmumula sa mga tinig na tumututol laban sa mga dominanteng naratibo ang kontra-memorya, ani <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/399479040_Dispositif_Dynamics_State_Narratives_and_Counter-Memories_in_the_Fabric_of_Collective_Memory">Hayarpi Sahakyan</a>. Kadalasan itong sumisibol sa pangkat ng mga taong nakararanas ng marhinalisasyon&#8212;kagaya ng mga Moro at Muslim&#8212;na humahamon sa kung paanong linilikha, tinatanggap, at pinalalaganap ang kasaysayan.</p><p>Sa kontra-memorya, ang sayaw ay hindi lamang sining. Anyo rin ito ng <a href="https://www.mensenmeteenmissie.nl/en/resilience-in-mindanaos-peacebuilding-landscape-blog-primitivo/">paulit-ulit na pag-alala</a> upang tutulan ang kasaysayang bumubura at nagsasantabi sa kanilang pagkakakilanlan. Ang mga gawing ito ay makikita hindi lamang sa pagtitipong pangkomunidad kundi pati sa pagsasalimbayan ng mga elemento ng pagtatanghal: katutubong kasuotan, instrumento, mga tema, at hakbang sa paggalaw.</p><p><a href="https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1277&amp;context=paha">Sa pagsisimula ng Sagayan</a>, kinakanta ng<em> </em>babaeng may pinakamataas na posisyon sa komunidad ang kapranon&#8212;isang uri ng madamdaming payo bago humayo ang mga mandirigma. Sa sayaw na <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330808475_Music_Dance_and_the_Sama-Bajau_'Diaspora'_Understanding_Aspects_of_Links_among_Communities_through_Ethnochoreomusicological_Perspectives">Igal Tarirai</a> ng Sama-Bajau, nakabatay ang galaw ng katawan sa tunog ng bolah-bolah, instrumentong likha mula sa kawayan. Esensiyal ang pagkilala sa ambag ng mga <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330808475_Music_Dance_and_the_Sama-Bajau_%27Diaspora%27_Understanding_Aspects_of_Links_among_Communities_through_Ethnochoreomusicological_Perspectives">kagamitang instrumental</a> sapagkat nakatutulong ito sa pagmamapa ng relasyon ng mga katutubong pangkat na pinaghihiwalay hindi lamang ng heograpiya kundi ng pagbabakwit.</p><p>Subalit lugar din ng salungatan ang sining bunga ng nagbabanggaang diskurso hinggil sa pakikibaka ng kasarian, uri, at lahi, banggit ng pilosopong si <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02560046.2022.2143833?scroll=top&amp;needAccess=true">Matthias Pauwels</a>. Kapansin-pansin ang pagsasalpukang ito, higit lalo, sa mga kultural na sayaw ng BARMM.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Entablado ng mga Tunggalian</strong></h3><p>Taong 1920 nang simulan ni <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43187433?seq=1">Francesca Reyes Aquino</a>, Pambansang Alagad ng Sining para sa Sayaw, ang dokumentasyon ng mga katutubong sayaw sa layong ingatan ang mga ito laban sa banta ng Kanluraning kultura at modipikasyon. Bagaman may pangangailangang ipreserba ang mga kultural na sayaw, hindi dapat magawi sa oryentalismo ang anumang pagtatangka sa preserbasyon ng mga kultural na sayaw, ani <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43187433">Declan Patrick</a>, guro ng pagtatanghal sa Liverpool Hope University. Sa ganitong lente, inilulunsad ng mga iskolar ang dokumentasyon ng katutubong karunungan sa paniniwalang &#8220;maisasalba&#8221; nila ang mga ito.</p><p>Sinusugan ito ni <a href="https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1277&amp;context=paha">Ramon Obusan</a>, mananayaw at direktor, na saksi kung paanong lubhang nabago ng pagsasateatro ang orihinal na mga sayaw mula sa mga katutubo. Nawawaksi ang awtentisidad, dagdag niya, sa ngalan ng espektakulo. Bunga ng ganitong obserbasyon, naitatag ang sarili niyang folkloric group sa layong higit na ibatay sa kultural na estilo ng mga katutubong mananayaw ang pagtatanghal.</p><p>Kung ikakawing sa lipunang BARMM, hindi hiwalay ang mga nabanggit na kritika sa naging pagpupuna ng mga pinuno ng <a href="https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/550800/bangsamoro-govt-calls-out-insensitive-singkil-dance-in-sinulog-ctu-apologizes">Gobyernong Bangsamoro</a> noong 2024. Ito ay matapos na itanghal ang Singkil, kultural na sayaw ng mga M&#235;ranaw, sa Sinulog&#8212;kapistahan sa Cebu na ginugunita ang pagdating ng Kristiyanismo sa bansa. Lampas sa pagiging mapaghati, ang kanilang pagpupuna ay pagdiriin sa halaga ng pagiging sensitibo sa kalakip na kultural na konteksto ng mga katutubong sayaw.</p><p>Ang ganitong uri ng maling representasyon ay nagaganap kahit sa loob ng BARMM, ani Mubarak Tahir, manunulat at gurong Maguindanaon, sa isang panayam ng <em>Collegian</em>. &#8220;Hindi ko masisisi if ganyan ang case, halos wala ngang nag-aaral ng cultural dances na ito sa BARMM. And malinaw iyon dahil may tunggalian sa pagitan ng sining, kultura, at relihiyon,&#8221; dagdag niya. Sa paniniwalang Islam, ipinagbabawal ang katutubong sayaw sapagkat ito ay itinuturing na bid&#8217;ah o inobasyon.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Koreograpiya ng Kasaysayan</strong></h3><p>Sa kabila ng mga tunggalian, patuloy na naninindigan ang mga Moro at Muslim sa kapangyarihan ng kanilang mga kultural na sayaw bilang imbakan ng alaala. Sa katunayan, hanggang ngayon ay masikhay sa pagtatanghal ang ilang kompanyang pangteatro na binubuo ng mga mag-aaral sa rehiyon. Nariyan ang Sining Kambayoka at Sining Pananadem ng MSU-Marawi, Sining Kagkalimwa ng MSU-Maguindanao, Sining Kabpapagariya ng MSU-GenSan, at iba pa.</p><p>Ang pagpapatuloy ng sining sa gitna ng mga tunggalian, diin ng mga mananaliksik na sina <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365148110_Introduction_Art_Violent_Conflict_and_Displacement">Katarzyna Grabska at Cindy Horst</a>, ay pagkilala sa pag-iral sa kabila ng ligalig. Mula rito, inaangkin ng lipunang BARMM ang kapangyarihan ng sayaw upang isalaysay ang kanilang naratibo&#8212;higit sa dikta ng anumang institusyon. &#8220;Mahalaga [ang mga katutubong sayaw] dahil ito ang pamumuhay at buhay ng mga sinaunang Bangsamoro bago pa man dumating ang Islam,&#8221; giit ni Tahir.</p><p>Natapos ang pagtatanghal ng limang kababaihang Maguindanaon. Tumahimik ang mga instrumento sabay sa palakpakan ng mga manonood. Habol-hininga, umusal si Maisara ng pasasalamat sa kaniyang mga kasama. Tagaktak man ang pawis, mayroong ginhawa sa kalooban ng dalaga. Itinuturing niyang karangalan ang maging tagapagdala ng kultura.</p><p>Lampas sa espektakulo, malinaw ang hangarin ni Maisara at ng mga kompanyang pangteatro sa BARMM: paulit-ulit na itanghal ang mga kultural na sayaw para sagkaan ang paglimot ng dominanteng kasaysayan. Sa pamamagitan ng sayaw bilang repositoryo ng karunungan, emosyon, at katutubong karanasan, nabibigyan sila ng ibayong kapangyarihan upang lumikha ng kolektibong alaala. &#9670;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ang Buskings at Gigs Bilang Instrumento ng Politikal na Panawagan at Pagkamulat]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alyanna Villanueva]]></description><link>https://phkule.substack.com/p/ang-buskings-at-gigs-bilang-instrumento</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://phkule.substack.com/p/ang-buskings-at-gigs-bilang-instrumento</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Philippine Collegian]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 08:07:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Sa Pilipinas, nagiging daluyan ng aktibismo ang gigs at busking na nagbubukas ng mas malawak at alternatibong espasyo para sa adbokasiya at kolektibong pakikilahok.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png" width="1456" height="989" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qQ5F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5a840c2f-57f5-4140-9e23-71752f84b07b_1780x1209.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sa himig ng pakikibaka, ang bawat musika ay panawagan sa pagkilos na nagpapalakas sa mga hiyaw para sa paglaban at pagbabago. (Dibuho ni Nicole Martinez)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Palubog na ang araw at nangangawit na ang mga paa sa kahihintay ng dyip. Taliwas sa nakasanayan, hindi lang ang malalakas na tugtuging rap mula sa speaker ng mga dumadaang dyip ang kaagapay sa mahabang paghihintay. Sa halip, matatanaw sa gilid ng kalsada ang ilang musikero&#8212;bitbit ang gitara, buong siglang umaawit at ibinabahagi ang musika sa humahabang pila.</p><p>Sa mga gig naman, napapapikit ang ilan sa liwanag ng nagtitingkarang ilaw, kasabay ng unang kumpas ng gitara at pagkalampag ng drums. Sabay-sabay ang indak ng katawan ng mga manonood sa ritmo, at umaalingawngaw ang nakabibinging tunog ng speaker sa buong paligid.</p><p>Sa parehong espasyo, kaakibat ng bawat himig ang pagpapalakas ng mga panawagan laban sa katiwalian. Sa katunayan, matagal nang nakaugat sa kulturang Pilipino ang musika bilang daluyan ng damdamin at paninindigan. Natatanaw ito sa halos hindi matakas-takasang karaoke machine sa masisiglang pagtitipon, pati na rin sa malaking papel ng harana sa kultura ng panliligaw sa bansa.</p><p>Sandata ng pagpapamulat ang paglunsad ng gig at busking malapit o sa loob ng mga unibersidad. Dito, nahihikayat ang mga artista at mag-aaral na makibahagi sa pagpapakita ng kanilang talento at paninindigan.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Huni ng Kasaysayan</strong></h3><p>Hindi kailan man hiwalay ang politika sa musika. Noong panahon pa lamang ng pananakop ng Estados Unidos, ginamit ng iba-ibang grupong kultural ang entablado upang harap-harapang ihayag ang pagtunggali sa kasalukuyang kalagayan sa mas malawak na publiko, ayon sa <em><a href="https://archive.org/details/kasaysayanstoryo0005unse/page/n9/mode/2up">Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People</a></em> ni Milagros Guerrero. Higit pang tumingkad ito nang ginamit ng mga rebolusyonaryo ang <a href="https://scispace.com/pdf/modes-of-resistance-in-a-globalizing-popular-culture-46q0pc3j5v.pdf">pag-awit</a> upang isatinig ang protesta at palakasin ang diwa ng kolektibong paglaban ng masa noong Batas Militar.</p><p>Higit pa rito, nagsisilbing karagdagang porma ang mga dula mula sa progresibong kultural na organisasyon, tulad ng <a href="https://rmaward.asia/rmawardees/philippine-educational-theater-association/">Philippine Educational Theater Association, sa pagpapalalim ng kamalayang politikal sa mga komunidad</a>. Matatanaw ito sa pagsentro sa mga tampok na isyung panlipunan, katulad ng ginawa sa dulang <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3Dd0enh2j0">Minsa&#8217;y Isang Gamu-Gamo</a></em>, na tumalakay sa usapin ng pandarayuhan at presensiya ng militar ng Estados Unidos sa bansa.</p><p>Sa ganitong tradisyon, pinagtatagpi ang sining sa pakikibaka dahil likas na malikhain ang mga Pilipino&#8212;mahilig sa musika, tula, at sayaw. Kaya kumpara sa mahahabang talumpati, mas nagiging mapanghikayat ang pagtatanghal ng mensahe sa pamamagitan ng sining, paliwanag ni Edge Uyanguren, Secretary-General ng <a href="https://concernedartistsofthephilippines.wordpress.com/about/">Concerned Artists of the Philippines</a>.</p><p>Lalo na sa mas batang manonood, napapatigil at napapakinig sila kapag nakaririnig ng kanta, kaya epektibong plataporma ito upang hikayatin ang publiko na makibahagi sa mga usaping panlipunan. Nagiging aktibong taktika rin ang paggamit ng musika upang maabot ang mga taong marahil hindi pamilyar sa pagdaraos ng mga pormal na talakayan o nag-aatubiling makilahok sa mga organisadong demonstrasyon.</p><p>Kung kaya, mula sa malalaking banner at plakard na nakapalibot sa entablado, hanggang sa madamdaming pagsigaw ng mga pamilyar na chant, tumitimo sa alaala ang karanasan ng pakikibahagi sa mga gigs at busking.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Melodiya ng Madla</strong></h3><p>Bagaman maaaring tanawin ang mga busking bilang payak na gawaing hindi nangangailangan ng malakihang produksyon, ipinaliwanag ni Uyanguren na hindi basta-basta ang pagpili ng CAP sa lokasyon at oras ng bawat pagtatanghal. Sadya ang pagpili ng mga lugar kung saan karaniwang nagtitipon ang mga tao&#8212;mga <a href="https://www.facebook.com/share/v/18Wb1fQe3j/">terminal</a> ng dyip, MRT, o tricycle&#8212;upang maabot ang mas malawak na sektor, tulad ng mga manggagawa at estudyante. Bagkus, inilalapit ang entablado ng mga politikal na pagtatanghal sa pang-araw-araw na gawain ng iba-ibang sektor.</p><p>Isang halimbawa nito ang pagtatanghal sa National Housing Authority, kung saan may <a href="https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/free-qcity-bus-guide-schedules-route-map-a4682-20241223-lfrm">libreng sakay</a> ng bus mula alas-singko hanggang alas-siyete ng gabi. Sinusulit ng CAP ang mga pagkakataon na naghihintay ang mga tao ng masasakyan sa kanilang pagbabahagi ng mga polyeto at maiikling talumpati. Dahil dito, napapabaon nila ang mahahalagang impormasyon sa mga tagapakinig sa mga simpleng paraan.</p><p>Sa sabayang pakikinig at pakikihalubilo sa mga busking at gig, nahuhubog ang kolektibong karanasan ng madla&#8212;isang kalakarang maihahambing sa <a href="https://philosophiesoflife.org/emile-durkheims-philosophy/#Collective_Effervescence">collective effervescence</a> ni &#201;mile Durkheim, kung saan nagsasanib ang enerhiya at emosyon ng mga dumalo. Habang naaaliw ang mga nakikinig, nagkakaroon din ng pagkakataon ang mga tao na makasalamuha at makausap ang kapwa na may parehong paninindigan.</p><p>Sa espasyong ito nakararanas ang indibidwal ng pakiramdam ng pagkakaisa at sense of belonging sa isang mas malawak na komunidad, na siyang nagbubukas ng posibilidad para sa politikal na pagkamulat at kolektibong pagkilos.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Tinig ng Pagkakaisa</strong></h3><p>Sa kabila ng potensiyal ng gigs bilang espasyo ng politikal na pagpapahayag, hindi maikakailang may mga pagkakataong naisasantabi ang adbokasiya. Mapapansin ito sa malalaking pagdiriwang, tulad ng UP Fair noong 2025, kung saan <a href="https://phkule.org/article/1457/technical-difficulties-displaced-advocacy-banners-detune-up-fair-2025?fbclid=IwY2xjawQfRVBleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFuU3lpMHJEaFZhZWpTRzYzc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHsBWTJZi7fxl40hnFEbUL1qXRpuW0MxJMe9mY1QdBrmSaFv3drmCuu5zgEl7_aem_ZHlm2og--dVdXabwn4zfMw">pinatigil</a> ang pagbabandera ng mga politikal na banner dulot ng hindi paglilinaw sa kontrata ukol sa politikal na adbokasiya. Madalas ding nakakahon ang diskurso sa entertainment value ng festival imbis na sa mga panawagang layunin nitong paigtingin.</p><p>Kapag hindi maingat ang paghabi ng adbokasiya sa pagtatanghal, mananatiling tagasubaybay lamang ang mga manonood na hindi ganadong makilahok. Mahalagang may malinaw at matibay na paninindigan ang mga artistang umaakyat sa entablado&#8212;mula sa maiiksing talumpati sa pagitan ng bawat kanta, hanggang sa mismong mga kanta kung maaari.</p><p>Responsibilidad din ng mga nag-oorganisa ng programa na siguraduhing may sapat na kaalaman ang mga magtatanghal ukol sa mga tampok na isyung panlipunan upang masulit ang oportunidad kung saan nilalaan ng mga dumalo ang kanilang atensyon at oras.</p><p>Sa ganitong mga pagtatanghal at pagtitipon, ipinapakita ng iba-ibang progresibong grupo na hindi maikakahon sa iisang mukha ang aktibismo. Nagbubukas ito ng espasyo hindi lamang para sa mga taong mas nahihikayat ng ganitong uri ng protesta, kundi pati na rin sa mga artistang-bayan na handang makibahagi sa kani-kanilang paraan.</p><p>Bagaman panimulang hakbang lamang ang pagdalo sa isang advocacy gig, mahalaga ito sa paglapit ng mga indibidwal sa mas organisado at mas malalim na pakikibaka para sa maayos at makatarungang pamumuhay ng bawat Pilipino. Hindi mabibilang sa daliri ang dami ng mga boses na kailangang marinig sa laban tungo sa panlipunang pagbabago; kung gayon, hindi rin dapat ikahon sa iisang anyo ang pagkilos.</p><p>Sa mga gig at busking, nagiging matulis na sandata ang masinsinang pagpapahalaga sa musika, na siyang mahigpit na nakahabi sa kulturang Pilipino. Sa bawat entablado, gaano man ito kaliit o pansamantala, nabubuo ang isang espasyong patuloy na nagpapaliyab at nagpapalakas sa tinig ng pakikibaka. &#9670;</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>